tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2574709114110994922024-03-04T20:33:33.949-08:00MiszellenUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-85123831979191752702010-10-24T16:31:00.001-07:002010-10-24T16:31:24.281-07:00xxx<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Tyk2yoqzVkE/TMTBwXSkLLI/AAAAAAAABvo/QtwMETn6WI4/s1600/z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Tyk2yoqzVkE/TMTBwXSkLLI/AAAAAAAABvo/QtwMETn6WI4/s400/z.jpg" width="366" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-55946426443339753142009-03-27T06:56:00.000-07:002009-03-27T07:54:59.632-07:00Miklós Radnóti<div face="arial" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);" id="photocaption"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhicAUK4FUJKUHoTPShjQX00vvXKZCPbCGk-mJuq_TYN7_dwfeT2S9kiqv7Weq0rYH2ntlZP1_9aWGMhwE4SbEhd08Fy3b566mMqTgTEwGnxIehV0kAcz2EwgmZyZkVzgbWFwkzq-iJf-cx/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 260px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhicAUK4FUJKUHoTPShjQX00vvXKZCPbCGk-mJuq_TYN7_dwfeT2S9kiqv7Weq0rYH2ntlZP1_9aWGMhwE4SbEhd08Fy3b566mMqTgTEwGnxIehV0kAcz2EwgmZyZkVzgbWFwkzq-iJf-cx/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317867532751269170" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >Razglednicas, Stanza IV</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >I fell beside him and his corpse turned over,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />tight already as a snapping string.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />Shot in the neck. "And that's how you'll end too,"</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > I whisper to myself; "lie still; no moving.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />Now patience flowers in death." Then I could hear</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />"Der springt noch auf !" above, and very near.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />Blood mixed with mud was drying on my ear.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />[Translated by Zsuzsanna Ozsváth and Frederick Turner]</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > Miklós Radnóti, birth name Miklós Glatter (May 5, 1909, Budapest, Austria-Hungary – November 10, 1944, near Abda, Hungary) was a Hungarian poet who fell victim to The Holocaust.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > Besides writing his own poetry, he translated into Hungarian works of Arthur Rimbaud, Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Éluard, Guillaume Apollinare and Blaise Cendras.<br /><br /></span> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > In the early forties, he was conscripted by the Hungarian Army, but being a Jew, he was assigned to a weaponless support battalion (munkaszolgálat) in the Ukrainian front. In May 1944, the defeated Hungarians retreated and Radnóti's labor battalion was assigned to the Bor, Serbia copper mines. In August 1944, as consequence of Tito's advance, Radnóti's group of 3200 Hungarian Jews was force-marched to Central Hungary, which very few reached alive. Radnóti was fated not to be among them. Throughout these last months of his life, he continued to write poems in a little notebook he kept with him. According to witnesses, in early November 1944, Radnóti was severely beaten by a drunken militiaman, who had been tormenting him for "scribbling". Too weak to continue, he was shot into a mass grave near the village of Abda in Northwestern Hungary. Today, a statue next to the road commemorates his death on this spot.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > Eighteen months later, his body was unearthed and in the front pocket of his overcoat the small notebook of his final poems was discovered. (His body was later reinterred in Budapest's Kerepesi Cemetery.) These final poems are lyrical and poignant and represent some of the few works of literature composed during the Holocaust that survived. </span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > Possibly his best known poem is the above fourth stanza of the Razglednicák, where he describes the shooting of another man and then envisions his own death.<br /><br />Another grand and haunting poem of Radnóti is "Root" (Wurzel), written in August or September 1944:<br /><br /></span> </div> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >Kraft geheimnisst in der Wurzel,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />Regentrank, Erdenbrot,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />Schneeschlaf steht ihr zu Gebot.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Drunten ist sie, aufwärts bricht sie,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />klimmt ins Licht hoch und ist schlau,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />wirft den Arm aus wie der Tau.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Würmer schlafen, Würmer sitzen</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />ihr im Arm, ans Bein geschwellt,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />es verwurmt die ganze Welt.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Doch die Wurzel lebt tief weiter,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />nicht die Welt geht sie was an,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />nur der Ast, der grünen kann.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Den bewundert und verpflegt sie,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />ihm verschafft sie holdes Naß,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />Labsal aus dem Himmelsfaß.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Wurzel bin ich jetzt auch selber,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />lebe unter Würmern fort,</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />form dort dieses Dichterwort.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Selected works</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > - Subway Stops: Fifty Poems, 1977</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />- The Witness: Selected Poems by Miklós Radnóti, 1977</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />- Radnóti Miklós művei, 1978</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />- Forced March, 1979</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />- The Complete Poetry, 1980</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />- Under Gemini: A Prose Memoir and Selected Poetry, 1985</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><br />- Foamy Sky: The Major Poems of Miklós Radnóti, 1992</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >Sources</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >and links</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/radnoti.htm"><span style="font-family:arial;">Biography</span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Radn%C3%B3ti"><span style="font-family:arial;">Wikipedia</span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&search-type=ss&index=books&field-author=Miklos%20Radnoti"><span style="font-family:arial;">Amazon</span></a></span> </div><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.thehypertexts.com/Mikl%C3%B3s_Radn%C3%B3ti_Hungarian_Poet_Poetry_Tanslator_Bio.htm"><span style="font-family:arial;">English translation of some poems</span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.hlo.hu/object.38709b81-0675-43ba-8f9c-f53690374a0b.ivy"><span style="font-family:arial;">Hungarian Literature Online</span></a></span><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-67260585868186856592009-03-24T09:09:00.000-07:002009-03-24T09:30:45.578-07:00Art and Artillery<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBynjLjJN_XOm6PGozu4hYPNkpEj0PNB570Asg7rMr112ZWVl-7KuLb-NaZDbyv6TpnFp-DUyrGmxyYDJcs_nAyWu2Xsjw1hOKXSd_wxvnWNymC9EWNKZ5mI5rFOjE1x4IbTg-PGH9crzv/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 241px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBynjLjJN_XOm6PGozu4hYPNkpEj0PNB570Asg7rMr112ZWVl-7KuLb-NaZDbyv6TpnFp-DUyrGmxyYDJcs_nAyWu2Xsjw1hOKXSd_wxvnWNymC9EWNKZ5mI5rFOjE1x4IbTg-PGH9crzv/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316790562206803218" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:arial;">A digitalization of Hans Georg Schirvat's </span><br /><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/%7Edb/0002/bsb00020958/images/index.html?seite=149">Kunst und Artilleriebuch</a><span style="font-family:arial;"> (1622)<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"Der Fürst von Ligne: 'Mit dem Vergnügen des Soldaten und dem Schmerze des Philosophen sah ich zwölfhundert Bomben in die Luft steigen, die ich auf jene armen Teufel abzuschießen befohlen hatte.' Man muß die Messer des Schmerzes am eigenen Leibe fühlen, wenn man mit ihnen sicher und kaltblütig operieren will; man muß die Münze kennen, mit der man bezahlt."<br /><br />Ernst Jünger, Das Abenteuerliche Herz<br /></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-51860120620992405822009-03-24T04:12:00.000-07:002009-03-26T06:51:02.529-07:00Etienne-Louis Boullee<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Étienne-Louis Boullée (February 12, 1728 — February 4, 1799) was a visionary French neoclassical architect whose work greatly influenced contemporary architects. Born in Paris, he studied under Jacques-François Blondel, Germain Boffrand and Jean-Laurent Le Geay, from whom he learned the mainstream French Classical architecture in the 17th and 18th century and the Neoclassicism that evolved after the mid century. He was elected to the Académie Royale d'Architecture in 1762 and became chief architect to Frederick II of Prussia, a largely honorary title. He designed a number of private houses from 1762 to 1778, though most of these no longer exist; notable survivors include the Hôtel Alexandre and Hôtel de Brunoy, both in Paris. Together with Claude Nicolas</span><span style="font-family:arial;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux">Ledoux</a> </span><span style="font-family:arial;">he was one of the most influential figures of French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>.</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée's </span><span style="font-family:arial;">biography can be read <a href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/boullee/icono/index.htm">here</a>.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 66, 0);font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans serif;" ><small><strong><br /></strong></small></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7ZhQubNJmb72vHqOqDx3s7arqz97GNkM3814kXomLoHeO_15ya0YOPtmauIOf51Wq7pdxGXIVRNBkni-uP2YeRCiMI3G877QIbcKm_gy53H5yEncj4atfNyLMwccTmKgVlQgnjBFosut/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7ZhQubNJmb72vHqOqDx3s7arqz97GNkM3814kXomLoHeO_15ya0YOPtmauIOf51Wq7pdxGXIVRNBkni-uP2YeRCiMI3G877QIbcKm_gy53H5yEncj4atfNyLMwccTmKgVlQgnjBFosut/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316717984376779090" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, </span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Cénotaphe de Newton</span> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 66, 0);font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans serif;" ><small><strong></strong></small></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">His style was most notably exemplified in his proposal for a cenotaph for the English scientist Isaac Newton, which would have taken the form of a sphere 150 m (500 ft) high embedded in a circular base topped with cypress trees. Though the structure was never built, its design was engraved and circulated widely in professional circles.</span><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" ><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >"O Newton ! Si par l’étendue de tes lumières et la sublimité de ton génie, tu as déterminé la figure de la terre, moi j’ai conçu le projet de t’envelopper de ta découverte."</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" > </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">(Boullée, Essai sur l'art) </span></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;">The <a href="http://en.structurae.de/photos/index.cfm?JS=47229">Hôtel Alexandre</a> or Hôtel Soult, rue de la Ville l'Évêque, Paris (1763-66), is the sole survivor of Boullée's residential work in Paris. It was built for the financier André-Claude-Nicolas Alexandre</span>.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiabs8wIYVxvlAThhuYUgPPw_XZ90NU14aVPv5pCqHfwftdHXWfo3xUlWX75rjSCbAsRwIOu4y5KsfSBSwOFCWUOwOC3RO-CJpl9xGqF2fqfpSqFmlH3whGXoqFQ8KK7BtGim9oRJmbVcmz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 281px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiabs8wIYVxvlAThhuYUgPPw_XZ90NU14aVPv5pCqHfwftdHXWfo3xUlWX75rjSCbAsRwIOu4y5KsfSBSwOFCWUOwOC3RO-CJpl9xGqF2fqfpSqFmlH3whGXoqFQ8KK7BtGim9oRJmbVcmz/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316715028211509842" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, </span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Hôtel Alexandre</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée projected a Palais National to replace the ancient Couvent de Capucines between Place Vendôme and the boulevard. The construction was inspired by antique roman architecture. The cupola seems to be influenced by the Panthéon, inaugurated 27 BC.</span><span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9kuGc86tqv8ElJ-fP3c7bHf9y14c-xC8zEISMjPGNfhwpnJZxX-yRIknphCli7SAPJrr8-cwnIQRGpiptnNzk4JQhJTMkHuSmxNDZVQJOuz_LUoyK-F-yNw7RaekNL1FEUiqj32IPpLfo/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 153px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9kuGc86tqv8ElJ-fP3c7bHf9y14c-xC8zEISMjPGNfhwpnJZxX-yRIknphCli7SAPJrr8-cwnIQRGpiptnNzk4JQhJTMkHuSmxNDZVQJOuz_LUoyK-F-yNw7RaekNL1FEUiqj32IPpLfo/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316730094803707778" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, Palais nationale</span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >"J’ai fait un devoir aux architectes d’introduire la poésie de l’architecture dans leurs productions, surtout lorsqu’ils se trouveraient chargés de traiter un monument public. Je leur recommande de faire en sorte qu’ils nous présentent en quelque façon des poèmes, etc., etc." (Boullée, Essai sur l'art) </span></span><o:p></o:p><p></p> <span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></span></span><table style="width: 4px; height: 1px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table><span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvaW-9WSg_lYagWT-qxt4J42P35KsCDKWLytYsFVXM8FiwLzMRDz3E4QyyXDKgCFemZhKJdfIMnRFF5YD8vGHoY9aIa6uwBdnNq71YKJtHwS1lR0pvsKBkePkrm2iTrDz204RarqBdTIvJ/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 204px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvaW-9WSg_lYagWT-qxt4J42P35KsCDKWLytYsFVXM8FiwLzMRDz3E4QyyXDKgCFemZhKJdfIMnRFF5YD8vGHoY9aIa6uwBdnNq71YKJtHwS1lR0pvsKBkePkrm2iTrDz204RarqBdTIvJ/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316756055466920274" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Boullée, Entry of the National Library</span><br /><span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqhr9ChGgP29qJYk1vLO-JuXiZyoHtiXi-ogmwf_Zc3nPia_rngA_4DI-yGwFebAnr9pUqHp_f8P-oqdakFISyM0iJ79K-rZJOFMsbnCDwQ3wa5huFMEyJT0QJqrAogsyrJlxaZXuclRQO/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqhr9ChGgP29qJYk1vLO-JuXiZyoHtiXi-ogmwf_Zc3nPia_rngA_4DI-yGwFebAnr9pUqHp_f8P-oqdakFISyM0iJ79K-rZJOFMsbnCDwQ3wa5huFMEyJT0QJqrAogsyrJlxaZXuclRQO/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316722383677336610" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Museum">Alte Nationalgallerie</a> in Berlin by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a> with revolutionary flag. Photography by<a href="http://www.ulay.net/works.html"> Ulay RMX</a>.<br /></span></span><br /><span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica;font-size:100%;" ></span><span style="font-family:arial;">Influencenced by Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau, Boullée created a "talking architecture" with educational virtues. Inspired by classical Greek and Roman architecture he proposed a renewed usage of the most elementary forms: cube, sphere and pyramide.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYqJwjP8bOtcUlnrjzVcrBTysw8aXBjdkOf8iwoHiJFfSxkCL1f3GfFEni0YgfadhZ6fzV3Tj-TO9UTpAE4LZjvwd-RhhxO5hHZhY_3tYlEydXFFVylda2PXfFqeGUQ0sKjZhKoKBKCbue/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 143px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYqJwjP8bOtcUlnrjzVcrBTysw8aXBjdkOf8iwoHiJFfSxkCL1f3GfFEni0YgfadhZ6fzV3Tj-TO9UTpAE4LZjvwd-RhhxO5hHZhY_3tYlEydXFFVylda2PXfFqeGUQ0sKjZhKoKBKCbue/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316726924376905522" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, </span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Metropolitan Gateway</span></span><br /><span style=";font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans serif;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée's project <span style="font-style: italic;">Palais pour un Souverain </span>in Saint-Germain-en-Laye shows an </span><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/boullee/arret/d1/index.htm">utopian</a> </span><span style="font-family:arial;"><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/boullee/arret/d1/index.htm"></a>palace surrounded by residences and buildings for the education of the Prince.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidg1P75iQdJdYAarn-aNW6uUmfJT6Ib_haKY14-bLpOhCYtg6FDZp7hCxbH-uQtqhvW5axjufvnh0XepQYi8P2yExVQEGYVyPIGNLVSBbhamq_Of9uRZ8gRDGkgeeJtJwufLA8WQikgb0Y/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 393px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidg1P75iQdJdYAarn-aNW6uUmfJT6Ib_haKY14-bLpOhCYtg6FDZp7hCxbH-uQtqhvW5axjufvnh0XepQYi8P2yExVQEGYVyPIGNLVSBbhamq_Of9uRZ8gRDGkgeeJtJwufLA8WQikgb0Y/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316727428670676658" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, </span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Project</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"> for a palais in Saint-Germain-en-Laye</span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfSgPRrvyONZv2EUzAEuQR_KPQqjL7ufy1dmVN5Odm19kIFnSOkZ2G2zfjP-Eqaje0cBPp4HmX9pd_5XntpZ_g5AO3nVtY4RkYDIOifEQ4Yb0w1axfj343cEcZDGJI2cfqSUESRqrMwc3/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 253px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfSgPRrvyONZv2EUzAEuQR_KPQqjL7ufy1dmVN5Odm19kIFnSOkZ2G2zfjP-Eqaje0cBPp4HmX9pd_5XntpZ_g5AO3nVtY4RkYDIOifEQ4Yb0w1axfj343cEcZDGJI2cfqSUESRqrMwc3/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316735026085468098" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" ><a href="http://www.spamula.net/blog/2006/06/">Bartolomeo Del Bene</a>, Civitas Veri, 1609</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">A </span><a href="http://www.santa-coloma.net/voynich_drebbel/utopias/utopias.html">link </a><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">to more illustrated Utopias</span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8MLbAJwFSGaeKpDzp4W55Htkm31kLvhw0H_PqI-ButlaxHxzMD2QVvCbP-nnrD9f0BY4iaOLdcPh9V8mt3Du3PjSLPKybRwAeSVQ7bWl6Stjms9m7n1p79ju1YqXxUFX33BjpuwW6q2WV/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8MLbAJwFSGaeKpDzp4W55Htkm31kLvhw0H_PqI-ButlaxHxzMD2QVvCbP-nnrD9f0BY4iaOLdcPh9V8mt3Du3PjSLPKybRwAeSVQ7bWl6Stjms9m7n1p79ju1YqXxUFX33BjpuwW6q2WV/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316737044780905906" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, </span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Project</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"> for a palais in Saint-Germain-en-Laye<br /><br /></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></span></p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >"Temples de la mort, votre aspect doit glacer nos cœurs ! Artiste, fuis la lumière des cieux ! Descends dans les tombeaux pour y tracer les idées à la lueur pâle et mourante des lampes sépulcrales !" (Boullée, Essai sur l'art) </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixLsPu_9U64ROm3ZMYZ4hW5Y35mtjDCqbzs51FVZmQGb5Wp-HWe-alWlFXshmprSOAnwuEPbvaVvtBOD8XtsMgp_8NQiPBfhsDF0HZ1IDx0UCeHuAMN0IuhNb0ylHqtjR-4rmURVsAiaxC/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 248px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixLsPu_9U64ROm3ZMYZ4hW5Y35mtjDCqbzs51FVZmQGb5Wp-HWe-alWlFXshmprSOAnwuEPbvaVvtBOD8XtsMgp_8NQiPBfhsDF0HZ1IDx0UCeHuAMN0IuhNb0ylHqtjR-4rmURVsAiaxC/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316740445040964162" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, Cénotaphe in Egyptian style</span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1az3_GvyavI0EnFhD5ka0c2udXZDZj8wedbuyODOeZRJKAHFetjnrbVyiGRjnnJ3-4YTFIZpRQJgpIKwN1rgvPUyodrw3XVvzIycUKa4IrHZu8T8rV_lP6d-iUsG2mUoJVz-rKLONysbb/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1az3_GvyavI0EnFhD5ka0c2udXZDZj8wedbuyODOeZRJKAHFetjnrbVyiGRjnnJ3-4YTFIZpRQJgpIKwN1rgvPUyodrw3XVvzIycUKa4IrHZu8T8rV_lP6d-iUsG2mUoJVz-rKLONysbb/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316753626858761314" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, Fanal</span></span><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans serif;font-size:85%;" > </span><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" ></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >"En un mot, le compas de la raison ne doit jamais abandonner le génie de l’architecture qui doit toujours prendre pour règle cette belle maxime : 'rien de beau si tout n’est sage'". (Boullée, Essai sur l'art) </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSJOcDPfAPZBEezkJACNL4qTtXuCXTVII2utoD284OEllWmTbYaygUDuBeX9vx2qLYJ-BP_HYStr45jb8lF4YpiqnwXkZg1MbFhV8tV0Cj8ekMiq4wF8gHft3tpRU6I1etYkTimS-fCiJ/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 345px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSJOcDPfAPZBEezkJACNL4qTtXuCXTVII2utoD284OEllWmTbYaygUDuBeX9vx2qLYJ-BP_HYStr45jb8lF4YpiqnwXkZg1MbFhV8tV0Cj8ekMiq4wF8gHft3tpRU6I1etYkTimS-fCiJ/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316739088110232962" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel">The Tower of Babel</a>, The Confusion of Tongues by Gustave Doré (1865)</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">The centerpiece for Kazakhstan's new capital, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana">Astana</a>, will be a monumental center of "religious understanding", a pyramid designed by Norman Foster where representatives from all major world religions will meet every three years to foster religious understanding. With this rendering, Foster must be consciously evoking Etienne Boullee. Like Boullee's design, Foster's pyramid is formally and ideologically epic. It includes an opera house "to rival Glyndebourne or Covent Garden," a national museum of culture, a new center for Kazakhstan's ethnic and geographical groups - and in order to secure its status as a new wonder of the world - hanging gardens.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmWNBiknfeRhWEhlUQwKgyZTQshrTBtX6UOMq4OUyELJhvUumaKgGzEVWcvSH_BL-INGyOxpyGnrbxjPdiFvF810kRi-IGXBuZbt0k_Q0AqoXD_f6GylhcnrhXVYfIBHacYWib1YXRwn9/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 255px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmWNBiknfeRhWEhlUQwKgyZTQshrTBtX6UOMq4OUyELJhvUumaKgGzEVWcvSH_BL-INGyOxpyGnrbxjPdiFvF810kRi-IGXBuZbt0k_Q0AqoXD_f6GylhcnrhXVYfIBHacYWib1YXRwn9/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316744402268741938" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Norman Foster, Astana Pyramid</span></span><br /><br /><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Helvetica; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} span.E-MailFormatvorlage15 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; color:windowtext;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">"Un théâtre est un monument consacré au plaisir ; avec quelle délicatesse, avec quel soin le goût ne doit-il pas présider à sa construction ! Les assemblées publiques de nos spectacles peuvent, ce me semble, être comparées aux fêtes des Gnidiens si agréablement décrites par le célèbre Montesquieu. Je vois le sexe le plus aimable se rendre dans nos salles de spectacle et ne paraître s’y rassembler que pour rivaliser d’attraits, charmer nos cœurs, manifester son empire et y recevoir aussi les hommages du génie qui, inspiré par l’amour et les grâces." (Boullée, Essai sur l'art) </span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBnxkodnSPl4RQC5cWaK2rqlYt4Ff4HPWE8De7duj8NUXLkWN679RO-Zyv6istT22sDyXcTHgYy5Zj27aVYGkIUd8pqHw8aA3jGdqziojcZ28E9xhETX2IGcnP4BOe1s7LuwFElSkeKBwP/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 248px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBnxkodnSPl4RQC5cWaK2rqlYt4Ff4HPWE8De7duj8NUXLkWN679RO-Zyv6istT22sDyXcTHgYy5Zj27aVYGkIUd8pqHw8aA3jGdqziojcZ28E9xhETX2IGcnP4BOe1s7LuwFElSkeKBwP/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316741931203330898" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boulée, <a href="http://www.andrewcusack.com/2008/01/09/boullees-opera/">Project for an opéra</a></span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI1bVHAaTwrJsXK8F7wlAfyg4hvf1rFkrt9zNQ254TaeR3sRFBgFL0KoSQDXb8LEz0FMS56k_KuOR2XZ6BtGihqNI65Iyau2HCfuwzvP_2JSm7nFObIBn8L4HmrUYpMDB7upRyQCZPcURz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 101px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI1bVHAaTwrJsXK8F7wlAfyg4hvf1rFkrt9zNQ254TaeR3sRFBgFL0KoSQDXb8LEz0FMS56k_KuOR2XZ6BtGihqNI65Iyau2HCfuwzvP_2JSm7nFObIBn8L4HmrUYpMDB7upRyQCZPcURz/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316728808659784242" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Piero della Francesca - Ideal City, Galleria Nazionale at Urbino.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJJwfsLKmZj3UrHeBzHnqkn3J33JFf_GOniJJ1hjzKedlMY0S-H0K3Kh0zj3_2ThR_pAPAK1y6XVG_-wHKXWxD2j7koz8r5jxbcTn0ZlY3BgJ9WAltOx3boMtpO6vUOhI2OsznqQ0kY8o/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 229px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJJwfsLKmZj3UrHeBzHnqkn3J33JFf_GOniJJ1hjzKedlMY0S-H0K3Kh0zj3_2ThR_pAPAK1y6XVG_-wHKXWxD2j7koz8r5jxbcTn0ZlY3BgJ9WAltOx3boMtpO6vUOhI2OsznqQ0kY8o/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316742739485024514" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Opera in <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, completed 1945</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Inspired by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum">Colosseum </a>Boullée's "Circus" was designed for "patriotic meetings" of 300.000 people. He imagined this circus to be "filled with a brilliant youth rewarded by its virtues and achievements. Nobody can avoid the gaze of the multitude."</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIZ_O93NxlBYWXDyhzTLJg3At5qRwLuCfbOBeCEt6phk-vWsjcqH1D7Fd8Xmta_kXHnc0DNEpbs0D5VUW3bsmqWWIYlZTJ1JQssmZzl3AT52qKmP2tVxy4ccs7E70wNGxXKq5wPhEZyQAp/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 153px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIZ_O93NxlBYWXDyhzTLJg3At5qRwLuCfbOBeCEt6phk-vWsjcqH1D7Fd8Xmta_kXHnc0DNEpbs0D5VUW3bsmqWWIYlZTJ1JQssmZzl3AT52qKmP2tVxy4ccs7E70wNGxXKq5wPhEZyQAp/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316745922379727170" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, project for a Circus</span></span><br /><br /><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Helvetica; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} span.E-MailFormatvorlage15 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; color:windowtext;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></span></p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">"Profondément frappé de la sublime conception de l’École d’Athènes par Raphaël, j’ai cherché à la réaliser ; et c’est sans doute à cette idée que je dois mes succès, si j’en ai obtenus." (Boullée, Essai sur l'art) </span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ztri7ek-RrW6dMfGEpHlQLLKfk79wG_hH2eldhEJwLTnrhfji8CHoDZI7hQeNyt6BMFyqwkDKmYvFO7PstHIh-Uo0GDej3-8rpn12VDbpY2g282JIxZydncyhzckmS1H8ztO401JZPD9/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ztri7ek-RrW6dMfGEpHlQLLKfk79wG_hH2eldhEJwLTnrhfji8CHoDZI7hQeNyt6BMFyqwkDKmYvFO7PstHIh-Uo0GDej3-8rpn12VDbpY2g282JIxZydncyhzckmS1H8ztO401JZPD9/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316749384873302610" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, Project for a Royal Library</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2007/01/27/the-art-of-erik-desmazieres/">Erik Demazières </a>illustration (1997) was inspired by Jorge Luis Borges <a href="http://jubal.westnet.com/hyperdiscordia/library_of_babel.html">Library of Babel</a>.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqAkM1bacSzbh2diaGvZJB_l-tBDY-30pAWazlTIGvmDdb1X5LXH0QU5yxGK9dhVNX-NWEd-ryVBIRgTOjoxpKeP0DbfUWyjI4N14qSSImaT5AT6IFZQlXMP1i5vb4nQaQw-CN6Nt9AV-/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqAkM1bacSzbh2diaGvZJB_l-tBDY-30pAWazlTIGvmDdb1X5LXH0QU5yxGK9dhVNX-NWEd-ryVBIRgTOjoxpKeP0DbfUWyjI4N14qSSImaT5AT6IFZQlXMP1i5vb4nQaQw-CN6Nt9AV-/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316751248100495074" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" ><span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Erik Desmazières, The Library of Babel </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJeY4DT6DWj4awHWNFxO0qmVoHQi0hNnglxKeIG74P_gX4xKbRV6FubBqWJjqL7EgvtNJf9RDRDL0tB3OY6CrI6nSlFUVioQeTef3b6RDIGwcctCEt9qNN7xN-ywnXBm6oq3wEsZM8ULj/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 216px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJeY4DT6DWj4awHWNFxO0qmVoHQi0hNnglxKeIG74P_gX4xKbRV6FubBqWJjqL7EgvtNJf9RDRDL0tB3OY6CrI6nSlFUVioQeTef3b6RDIGwcctCEt9qNN7xN-ywnXBm6oq3wEsZM8ULj/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316750306687175618" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Boullée, interior view of a museum</span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyoIqpfq6OZ1jD5R7AdpDRbA0nknJuoP5cBdH8XHxvSaG6mMd65mqwnpGLjvvlTWUgOOaoSbfyp9utA4yVjwJ0aI8jeySwA2BLubYlXeBhV3wvR3FJz_u_dD98zOLU90IOU6QSajVrMhJX/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 310px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyoIqpfq6OZ1jD5R7AdpDRbA0nknJuoP5cBdH8XHxvSaG6mMd65mqwnpGLjvvlTWUgOOaoSbfyp9utA4yVjwJ0aI8jeySwA2BLubYlXeBhV3wvR3FJz_u_dD98zOLU90IOU6QSajVrMhJX/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316732985665318610" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Raphael, The School of Athens, 1511</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Some Influences</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFBvL1tQt_9cmsHODXS-p6939LG68B9HnFbE4L_pwDEjo3lQRQVx2A4Q5UaAw-kaCaBikToUTdcUS4vLl962xwhbr8jeeDpn5_TcwfxiMzjR8JgeNAsJtMLDR85UwxW9QYDnVrjYBC30Tz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 311px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFBvL1tQt_9cmsHODXS-p6939LG68B9HnFbE4L_pwDEjo3lQRQVx2A4Q5UaAw-kaCaBikToUTdcUS4vLl962xwhbr8jeeDpn5_TcwfxiMzjR8JgeNAsJtMLDR85UwxW9QYDnVrjYBC30Tz/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316758016616319586" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://pruned.blogspot.com/2005/10/enigmatic-jean-jacques-lequeu.html">Jean-Jacques Lequeu</a>, Gate of a hunting-ground.<br />Project, ca. 1800</span></span><br /><br /><div class="magnify"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhldP0oHPnnY2-bx2b76RImRQlzVxOe50yJE27VwYqut2k7_krYNDSSn5hKJNpgTC-WLRCUGdaeBGFX6c4SceePEsxG6IWiEAMsDOpV1EAhdjh4uMLQVZ34euOYRP0065NWYZMqMOfY4q5q/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 370px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhldP0oHPnnY2-bx2b76RImRQlzVxOe50yJE27VwYqut2k7_krYNDSSn5hKJNpgTC-WLRCUGdaeBGFX6c4SceePEsxG6IWiEAMsDOpV1EAhdjh4uMLQVZ34euOYRP0065NWYZMqMOfY4q5q/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316759324588799154" border="0" /></a></div> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Soviets">Palace of Soviets</a> - arguably the most famous Soviet neoclassical<br />building never to have been realized.</span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwBATyLFnxps7v8lYuqm74LYYRJDMUjf6PP7RXvamUoBjpY-Po1HH5bTZ25uKwVjNecwx0bfPMTzFOU_WGkMoqXWP_KaMxval2E1SovXhfkGuPh5_LtNqOOCD4Fs2R-BCI_s75LKG-M91/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 271px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwBATyLFnxps7v8lYuqm74LYYRJDMUjf6PP7RXvamUoBjpY-Po1HH5bTZ25uKwVjNecwx0bfPMTzFOU_WGkMoqXWP_KaMxval2E1SovXhfkGuPh5_LtNqOOCD4Fs2R-BCI_s75LKG-M91/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316760773608501474" border="0" /></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://guntherstephan.blogspot.com/2009/03/yakov-chernikhov.html"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Yakov Chernikov</span></span></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Principal Sources</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/boullee/index.htm">Exposition virtuelle</a> de la Bibliothèque nationale de France</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e">Wikipedia</a>, Étienne-Louis Boullée</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_id%C3%A9ale">Wikipedia</a>, Cité idéale</span><br /><br /><br /></div></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture"></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-24394521833092545582009-03-23T11:20:00.000-07:002009-03-23T11:51:31.069-07:00Cocaine and Biplanes<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">We are close to waking when we dream that we're dreaming</span> - Novalis</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1BeGOipdL4WIeTI6CWCs9mdteSWdTr734Wx5OX5UWKcpvyo9y5pLkqSSiYWM4COvfmKaYzmFRqw43RC_dgvWVOlY-xpe_Xu26YfLAF4W97D_sRCHaGABDWL0K8Ct0SMm3PQLZ_hv6NM_q/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 269px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1BeGOipdL4WIeTI6CWCs9mdteSWdTr734Wx5OX5UWKcpvyo9y5pLkqSSiYWM4COvfmKaYzmFRqw43RC_dgvWVOlY-xpe_Xu26YfLAF4W97D_sRCHaGABDWL0K8Ct0SMm3PQLZ_hv6NM_q/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316451455284278930" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Alexander Deineka, The shot-down ace</span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">, 1942</span><br /></span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">During the First World War my grandfather served as a fighter pilot in the Richthofen squadron. When I was a young boy, he told me, that many of his comrades took cocain and other drugs to sharpen their minds and to calm down their notorious fears. Still today, I sometimes envision the grand reveries of these pilots who envelopped their nerves with the white soft mat of anaesthesia and who, under the delusive shield of an artificial painlessness, infinitely alone with all the thousand images and thoughts surging out of ecstasy, drew their lonely circles high above the clouds. Maybe he fired his shots, if the encounter took place, with a sentiment of unconcern, as if this had to be done. Maybe, while he was lying in a steep curve and the wires were howling, a world of strange insights opened before him and he disposed of an endless time to finish his thoughts before he came in a position to fire again. Yes, and maybe the chain of his imaginations had just run back as the projectile hit him with that enigmatic necessity which marks the intersection of dream, sleep and awakening.</span><br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgASOjZ5azfEvJGnBAjayr7rOo2GzYIq9zbywONKrsN6-PXCUXtBsK7c6UnbmLJGKoMD2CybGiEbRVc5bIxky8Cw3k_V2a54NZuiLsNGIL74g9wYg5FcuB9QqsBhFQ9CIc1xTK_6ibcFXcw/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 313px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgASOjZ5azfEvJGnBAjayr7rOo2GzYIq9zbywONKrsN6-PXCUXtBsK7c6UnbmLJGKoMD2CybGiEbRVc5bIxky8Cw3k_V2a54NZuiLsNGIL74g9wYg5FcuB9QqsBhFQ9CIc1xTK_6ibcFXcw/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316455128186974962" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Christopher Nevinson, Banking at 4000 feet, c. 1918</span></span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style=""><i><br /></i></span></span><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Dark Moor, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w066aWOzAdE">Vivaldi's Winter</a></span><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-37501627880153246682009-03-23T02:24:00.000-07:002009-03-23T07:04:22.297-07:00Sea Monsters<div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family:arial;">Contrary to popular belief, the sailors of Columbus's day did not think they would sail right off the edge of the earth. They were, however, apprehensive about what they would find in their travels. Mistakes about marine life have ranged from inaccurate assumptions about the behavior of known species to fanciful depictions of animals that "might" exist.</span><br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCNthNSIWJA4oBj45nqTModH9_EWFGjo7O7jJO8K6hgtrDEGvK3GZuLAFabzyMOZGtGJYuXCIsbTXkXzH1PLEJTYeFTQsRVMyCYFTVfVS5AvS1csvoTYUUgWMXn7OIZvYoXTJK6BuwQ7W/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 245px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCNthNSIWJA4oBj45nqTModH9_EWFGjo7O7jJO8K6hgtrDEGvK3GZuLAFabzyMOZGtGJYuXCIsbTXkXzH1PLEJTYeFTQsRVMyCYFTVfVS5AvS1csvoTYUUgWMXn7OIZvYoXTJK6BuwQ7W/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316353001527595698" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Albrecht Dürer</span></a>, </span><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" >Arion</span><span style="font-family:arial;">, 1514. According to the Greek legend, the gifted singer Arion was tossed overboard by sailors who wanted to steal his stuff. By the time he was thrown into the sea, however, he had bewitched a dolphin who came to his rescue. This dolphin sports more protuberances than any seen in nature, but in fairness to Dürer, who was known for his realism, the fact that he was illustrating a legend may have given him a greater sense of artistic license.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;">Abraham Ortelius</span></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(</span>1</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">527–1598) was a Flemish cartographer and geographer, generally recognised as the creator of the first modern atlas.</span></span><br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOLhZPXBaF5Xjf4w-DlJ6r8p7rlEv8LAAb6wisv8iGb_6dodjG9ufs3Us1RwWc1rDAgxURokVlplMkkRQZ_lyd_FuOWmWsJYKVBrZHRgVts1tFsl4iRtE7hOjWZnowO41RTebKoUBaeGE9/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 342px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOLhZPXBaF5Xjf4w-DlJ6r8p7rlEv8LAAb6wisv8iGb_6dodjG9ufs3Us1RwWc1rDAgxURokVlplMkkRQZ_lyd_FuOWmWsJYKVBrZHRgVts1tFsl4iRtE7hOjWZnowO41RTebKoUBaeGE9/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316313211130490834" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius"></a></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Abraham Ortelius</span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >, </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><i face="arial">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570</i>.</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >This excerpt of a map of Iceland shows sea monsters that many believed inhabited the surrounding waters.</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span></div> <b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></b><div style="text-align: justify;font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Louis Figuier</span> (1819-1894) was a French scientist and writer. He edited and published a yearbook from 1857 to 1894 — </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L'Année scientifique et industrielle</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > — in which he compiled an inventory of the scientific discoveries of the year (it was continued after his death until 1914). He was the author of numerous successful works: </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Les Grandes inventions anciennes et modernes</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > (1861), </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Le Savant du foyer</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > (1862), </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">La Terre avant le déluge</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > (1863) illustrated by </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >Édouard Riou, </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">La Terre et les mers</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > (1864), </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Les Merveilles de la science</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" > (1867-1891).</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> The complete text with plates of </span><i style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">La Terre avant le déluge</i><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> is published electronically</span> </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/1872-Figuier-BeforeFlood/README.htm">here</a><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Some wonderful plates of his </span></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Les Mammifères</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> are</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> </span></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);" href="http://www.arehn.asso.fr/centredoc/livres/figuier_mammiferes/figuier_mammiferes.html"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">here</span>.</a><br /></span></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayZQFDZLpbttHXL_eDxymRM3hQywph9qjwVUkkMnzDMa6WS7sdNkSuPrrOpjpOrWEgb4zjDKhfEH32rhiOO-n2C5hrPztYcezbUFBnWFyX8bJ-M8XQNuZOmg8SQ4kgu8HnH1A2rz0NdfK/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 244px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayZQFDZLpbttHXL_eDxymRM3hQywph9qjwVUkkMnzDMa6WS7sdNkSuPrrOpjpOrWEgb4zjDKhfEH32rhiOO-n2C5hrPztYcezbUFBnWFyX8bJ-M8XQNuZOmg8SQ4kgu8HnH1A2rz0NdfK/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316316798788700178" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Louis Figuier, </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><i face="arial">La Terre avant le Déluge</i></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >, édition de 1864</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >, Fig.130. L'ichthyosaure et le plésiosaure, illustration par Riou.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Franz Unger</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (1800-1870) was an Austrian botanist, paleontologist and plant physiologist. Unger was one of the major contributors to the field of paleontology, later turning to plant physiology and phytotomy. He hypothesized that (then unknown) combinations of simple elements inside a plant cell determine plant heredity and greatly influenced the experiments of his student Gregor Johann Mendel. Unger was a pioneer in documenting the relationships between soil and plants (1836).</span><br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: arial;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNKL68VQA7zDmW9H9UJZCwmEaxOaIaCtZzTKxtOXKflnz6RCws6QayL_ufv93TslEZaSb5kI8s4g7KPXFQrRQrcun9FNIrcwILERbCJtFIJoyJS83AA-8f8MeCcca6kZYE-L2L_ab9yY6T/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 282px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNKL68VQA7zDmW9H9UJZCwmEaxOaIaCtZzTKxtOXKflnz6RCws6QayL_ufv93TslEZaSb5kI8s4g7KPXFQrRQrcun9FNIrcwILERbCJtFIJoyJS83AA-8f8MeCcca6kZYE-L2L_ab9yY6T/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316323525672629186" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Franz Unger, </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><i style="font-family: arial;">The Primitive World in Its Different Period of Formation, </i><span style="font-family:arial;">1851</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Barthélemy Faujas de</span> <a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Faujas_de_Saint-Fond">Saint Fond</a> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(May 17, 1741–July 18, 1819) was a French geologist and traveller</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >By the late 18th century, Europe's savants had begun wrapping their brains around the concept of an ancient earth that had both predated humans by an unimaginable time span and crawled with strange creatures. The savants also hired capable artists and engravers to render accurate depictions of the fossils they found. The year 1780 marked the discovery of an enormous fossil reptile in underground quarries near the Dutch town of Maastricht. Nineteen years later, Faujas published a description of the reptile. The illustration of the fossil itself is pretty accurate (the oval-shaped objects with the skull are fossil sea urchins). Faujas's interpretation wasn't quite as accurate as the pictures. He classified it as a giant crocodile. Today, the fossil is identified as a mosasaur, an extinct marine reptile. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILfB-6gRILaOzYE8PzW05MYdr3WTTAhNvrKRoX9E6nQ_G06hzQm-94521CgaWoI07tNvLphhv5kPsm-Qd6wZo009ZHzZ5m2T_dN1siXW0PrVSdRMkfkjTUXMPTgfVMmI2cUL4WA5UnIdz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 301px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILfB-6gRILaOzYE8PzW05MYdr3WTTAhNvrKRoX9E6nQ_G06hzQm-94521CgaWoI07tNvLphhv5kPsm-Qd6wZo009ZHzZ5m2T_dN1siXW0PrVSdRMkfkjTUXMPTgfVMmI2cUL4WA5UnIdz/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316328112564746050" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Faujas_de_Saint-Fond"></a></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Barthélemy Faujas de Saint Fond,</span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"> </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Montagne de Saint-Pierre, </i><span style="font-family:arial;">1799</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Schott">Gaspar Schott</a> </span>(1608-1666) was a German scientist, specializing in the fields of physics, mathematics and natural philosophy. Schott was a one-time student and long-time collaborator of the German Jesuit polymath <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>. Besides editing and defending Kircher's works, Schott published some of his own. This page from the second volume of his <span style="font-style: italic;">Physica Curiosa</span> shows a motley assortment of sea monsters, including a fish resembling a monk (upper left), a marine monster looking suspiciously like a bishop (lower right), and two chimerical creatures with long, fishy tails. Similar depictions appeared in numerous works in the 16th and 17th centuries. Religious tensions of the time might have contributed to the strong resemblance between alleged monsters and clerical figures.<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJfnZ928n0YwsDF8MqpAtQrl08rs7ZNvYBRGZfKdgxdTOviTqSAFlhEofzz6G1HvFN93MtBTi9a888WEb2rcbX8E2OzMBOHnTlMEtmgYftWy5p4Uzva9Lz39uXT-3qCy1XJfjR-UX-8_B/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 293px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJfnZ928n0YwsDF8MqpAtQrl08rs7ZNvYBRGZfKdgxdTOviTqSAFlhEofzz6G1HvFN93MtBTi9a888WEb2rcbX8E2OzMBOHnTlMEtmgYftWy5p4Uzva9Lz39uXT-3qCy1XJfjR-UX-8_B/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316330490737800610" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >Caspar Schott, </span><i style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">Physica Curiosa, 1662</span><br /><br /></i></span><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Gesner"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Konrad Gessner</span></a> (1516-1565) was a Swiss naturalist and bibliographer. His five-volume Historiae animalium (1551-1558) is considered the beginning of modern zoology. His great zoological work, <a href="http://www.humi.mita.keio.ac.jp/treasures/nature/Gesner-web/highlight/high-top.html"><span style="font-style: italic;">Historiae animalium</span></a>, appeared in 4 vols. (quadrupeds, birds, fishes) folio, 1551-1558, at Zürich, a fifth (snakes) being issued in 1587: This work is the starting-point of modern zoology. Not content with such vast works, Gessner put forth in 1555 his book entitled <span style="font-style: italic;">Mithridates de differentis linguis,</span> an account of about 130 known languages</span>.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-NaFQqO-jCWVeU7af5nDMSpULWUOUafY42JMj0gKfcQ778jch69ETiJqRRW6tSfvgfZs1hCnSGgz-vpb_CGgfRbtngVJ3ZLM1gZvmJjDQc0bHcrV8VUgYxmF8CFM9JTbA9H1A6aNNqbpe/s1600-h/z1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 192px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-NaFQqO-jCWVeU7af5nDMSpULWUOUafY42JMj0gKfcQ778jch69ETiJqRRW6tSfvgfZs1hCnSGgz-vpb_CGgfRbtngVJ3ZLM1gZvmJjDQc0bHcrV8VUgYxmF8CFM9JTbA9H1A6aNNqbpe/s400/z1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316338317624448066" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Conrad Gesner, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Icones Animalium, 1560</i></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">. </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Gesner was one of the finest naturalists of the 16th century, but he occasionally misfired. In this woodcut, a mother whale and her young look awfully porcine.</span></span><br /><b><br /></b><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pierre Pomet </span> (1658-1699) was a French pharmacist. After travels in Italy, Germany, Great Britain and Holland he returned to Paris where he opened pharmacy. He acquired a great reputation quickly. He gave courses to explain the manufacture of his products. He regularly published a catalog of drugs made up of his vast collection as well as a Cabinet of curiosities. In 1694 he published the <span style="font-style: italic;">General History of drugs, plants animals and minerals,</span> illustrated with more than 400 figures. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBHEf5E8MGIBjhNKCfnyeyOvGOHnq1IN3QnMAikrXyhxxby9Au7jO_L5pjgF9V18u2YJL6zg-Qg-AoApGn4teld6T-zrekKni7SWmPxtxbFD2H3BiCfa3lse3O8aOkTxoDrE8JiOKBli1/s1600-h/z1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 192px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBHEf5E8MGIBjhNKCfnyeyOvGOHnq1IN3QnMAikrXyhxxby9Au7jO_L5pjgF9V18u2YJL6zg-Qg-AoApGn4teld6T-zrekKni7SWmPxtxbFD2H3BiCfa3lse3O8aOkTxoDrE8JiOKBli1/s400/z1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316342187289095282" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style="font-family: arial;">Histoire Générale des Drogues, </i><span style="font-family:arial;">1694. Pomet pictured both a sea unicorn (top) and a narwhal (bottom). Unlike the first creature, the second was real, and its horn was often mistaken — or deliberately passed off — as a unicorn horn, believed capable of curing all kinds of diseases and poisonings. As Europe's upper-crust families showed such a fondness for poisoning their own, such antidotes were always in demand. Not long after Pomet's book was published, the narwhal was identified as a "false unicorn."</span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBFutJbHJPXGXx4d54wEifVRJEILfjYQ0Pk1kRyJvzmtlV7P1MxyE9VRU98auLOxtDUE3y6ruMFVxjhFEJWJrgsNziXMNymuJTIk_B3Q_aah1QqNfiaVLzLDLBO9GOoRvcjVnHZ4d2_HO/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 281px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBFutJbHJPXGXx4d54wEifVRJEILfjYQ0Pk1kRyJvzmtlV7P1MxyE9VRU98auLOxtDUE3y6ruMFVxjhFEJWJrgsNziXMNymuJTIk_B3Q_aah1QqNfiaVLzLDLBO9GOoRvcjVnHZ4d2_HO/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316346323958962226" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Albertus Seba by Jacobus Houbraken (1731)</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Albertus Seba</span> (1665-1736) was a Dutch pharmacist, zoologist and collector. Born in East-Frisia, Seba moved to Amsterdam as an apprentice and opened around 1700 a pharmacy near the harbour. Seba asked sailors and ship surgeons to bring exotic plants and animal products he could use for preparing drugs. Seba also started to collect snakes, birds, insects, shells and lizards in his house. From 1711 he delivered drugs to the Russian court in Saint Petersburg and sometimes accepted fresh ginger as payment. Seba promoted his collection with the head-physician to the czar, Robert Arskine, and early 1716 Peter the Great bought the complete collection. </span> <span style="font-family:arial;">In 1728 Seba had become a member of the Royal Society. In 1735 Linnaeus visited him twice. In 1734 Seba had published a Thesaurus of animal specimens with beautiful engravings. The full name of the Thesaurus is, with a dual Latin–Dutch title, <span style="font-style: italic;">Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri accurata descriptio — Naaukeurige beschryving van het schatryke kabinet der voornaamste seldzaamheden der natuur (Accurate description of the very rich thesaurus of the principal and rarest natural objects). </span>The last two of the four volumes were published after his death (1759 and 1765). Today, the original 446-plate volume is on permanent exhibit at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, Netherlands. Recently, a complete example of the Thesaurus sold for US $460,000 at an auction. In 2001, <a href="http://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/classics/all/01661/facts.albertus_sebas_cabinet_of_natural_curiosities.htm">Taschen </a>Books published a reprint of the Thesaurus.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg1ZdtgIRYHvk1Dl1uu2kYFVbvfh9UboAp7FAhPIQin-hIhbHhlcSEqGfIcE6JSmAxsvBbFBoBsrK86Aw8S45yqM6BbWqYbKzq3GfiVs5FzpFv0sGG9Q28QEpujeV4XrSDHeqp1HbCr_F6/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 386px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg1ZdtgIRYHvk1Dl1uu2kYFVbvfh9UboAp7FAhPIQin-hIhbHhlcSEqGfIcE6JSmAxsvBbFBoBsrK86Aw8S45yqM6BbWqYbKzq3GfiVs5FzpFv0sGG9Q28QEpujeV4XrSDHeqp1HbCr_F6/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316345189461937570" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Albertus Seba, </span><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" >Thesaurus</span><span style="font-family:arial;">, 1734</span>. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Seba portrayed this hydra in the 18th century. Seba had his doubts about its authenticity, but more than one "respectable eye witness" vouched for the accuracy of the stuffed specimen, so he published this picture of it. Seba's mistake is understandable in light of the fact that most genuine animals were either preserved in spirits or stuffed by the time they reached him.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Athanasius Kircher</span></a>, the 17th-century German Jesuit polymath established a fabulous museum in Rome, filled with antiquities, speaking tubes, odd animals and fossils. Some of these "wonders" were too fantastic to be true. (Kircher believed every story he ever heard about someone catching a dragon — assuming that someone was a pope.) But much of what he collected was absolutely real. These fish carcasses and shark teeth must have looked outlandish to the visitors to Kircher's museum, but fish like these swim in the sea today. After Kircher died, Buonanni took over his collection and published a catalog in the early 18th century. These images from the catalog show some 18th-century progress in accurately depicting sea life.</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">Numerous works by Kircher were published electronically by Max Planck Gesellschaft </span><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://echo2.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/jesuit/jesuit_sciences">here</a><span style="font-family:arial;">. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG767WzTEWbqlz-iDboqrseC7e9itR4r87oRp3qNRlwSWCD_y8QwfDIkf-4XqC0ubKNnFkKDNHmmFmpxBdgjFwtz-IQAZwTZytoWJJJO_apuXRziW29mEpSDRJZo3xaUh2bvAOdZ4Xl3yN/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 317px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG767WzTEWbqlz-iDboqrseC7e9itR4r87oRp3qNRlwSWCD_y8QwfDIkf-4XqC0ubKNnFkKDNHmmFmpxBdgjFwtz-IQAZwTZytoWJJJO_apuXRziW29mEpSDRJZo3xaUh2bvAOdZ4Xl3yN/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316347720700980146" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Ath. Kircher and Filippo Buonanni, </span><i style="font-family: arial;"><br />Musæum Kircherianum,1709</i></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Steno"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nicolas Steno</span></a> (Danish: Niels Stensen; latinized to Nicolaus Stenonis) (1638 -1686) was a pioneer in both anatomy and geology. Already in 1659 he decided not to accept anything simply written in a book, instead resolving to do research himself. He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZmpuAhclbANwqK-S_fNlR8-14xVJ0nyz3PBRcoxaLZWI-KGg1M0IFdiWhb8Bevn0Wh6HvkZCCL8glfkEcLI8d6UsWXpLUSuqfGeX_Sc7Z2nyTY1gVVkom3s3z9HlsHU2JyiX0d6fpx42e/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 265px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZmpuAhclbANwqK-S_fNlR8-14xVJ0nyz3PBRcoxaLZWI-KGg1M0IFdiWhb8Bevn0Wh6HvkZCCL8glfkEcLI8d6UsWXpLUSuqfGeX_Sc7Z2nyTY1gVVkom3s3z9HlsHU2JyiX0d6fpx42e/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316350810921048818" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Niels Stensen, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Canis Carchariae Dissectum Caput, </i><span style="font-family:arial;">1667</span><i style="font-family: arial;">. </i><span style="font-family:arial;">Strange as it looks by today's standards, this picture of a dissected head of a giant white shark actually marked significant progress in marine biology. For years, fossilized shark teeth were believed to be tongues of serpents turned to stone by St. Paul, and hence were named </span><i style="font-family: arial;">glossopetrae</i><span style="font-family:arial;">, or "tongue stones." Niels Stensen correctly identified tongue stones as shark teeth.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pierre Dénys de Montfort</span> (1766 – 1820) was a French naturalist, in particular a malacologist, remembered today for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of the giant squid Architeuthis, which was thought to be an old wives' tale, and for which he was long dismissed. He was inspired by a description from 1783 of an eight-metre long tentacle found in the mouth of a sperm whale. Dénys de Montfort was author of <span style="font-style: italic;">Conchyliologie systématique, et classification méthodique de coquilles</span> (2 vols., Paris 1808 - 1810) and of <span style="font-style: italic;">Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Mollusques</span> (2 vols., Paris 1801 - 1802) published as an addendum to the comte de Buffon's Histoire naturelle générale et particulière.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5-BkR8lUS8O4GzHsUiRoR7sGsZWjMUGl1NHgxVTunA0AVn2bX-Sp47O_pPsXPFmyREU7sBtrQWBipqfhYpxaboSI3M9wDOd-8LbM0SNGvcKxDgNLe8xbFCm3d60B9sbvGhJajyJgFWS-g/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 225px; height: 346px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5-BkR8lUS8O4GzHsUiRoR7sGsZWjMUGl1NHgxVTunA0AVn2bX-Sp47O_pPsXPFmyREU7sBtrQWBipqfhYpxaboSI3M9wDOd-8LbM0SNGvcKxDgNLe8xbFCm3d60B9sbvGhJajyJgFWS-g/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316354342684631810" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Denys de Montfort bragged that if this representation were swallowed, he would next represent a cephalopod embracing the Straits of Gibraltar. Seventy years later, Alexander Winchell did two admirable things: He called Denys de Montfort's depiction a sailor's yarn, but also suggested, "the unexplored depths of the ocean conceal the forms of octopods that far surpass in magnitude any of the species known to science." Winchell was right on both counts.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ulisse Aldrovandi</span></a> (1522-1605) was an Italian naturalist, the moving force behind Bologna's botanical garden, one of the first in Europe. Carolus Linnaeus and the comte de Buffon reckoned him the father of natural history studies. He is usually referred to, especially in older literature, as Aldrovandus.</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">The Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum has published some of his works:</span> <i style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology"></a></i><ul><li><i style="font-family: arial;">Ornithologiae, hoc est de avibus historia libri XII</i><span style="font-family:arial;"> (1599) <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=273855">Digitized version</a> of 1637 edition</span></li></ul><i></i><ul><li><i>De animalibus insectis libri septem, cum singulorum iconibus ad vivum expressis </i>(1602) <span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265185">Digitized version </a>of 1637 edition</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" >Ornithologiae tomus alter</span><span style="font-family:arial;"> (1600) <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=234603">Digitized version</a></span></li></ul><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTyl7U9QKhzmFl1w6ORwweNtbhZpIXBmqnxjvG0im-YVQoEQ8yrnRniHb3DCfDRue422n7rEMxGo2awV6BmRugmj7rQClsFTbdwxzI6x6_Ljh6dcmxtBGh8BFgmGxkM77b70t2zOSADXYG/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 389px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTyl7U9QKhzmFl1w6ORwweNtbhZpIXBmqnxjvG0im-YVQoEQ8yrnRniHb3DCfDRue422n7rEMxGo2awV6BmRugmj7rQClsFTbdwxzI6x6_Ljh6dcmxtBGh8BFgmGxkM77b70t2zOSADXYG/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316356029691541490" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Ulisse Aldrovandi, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">De Piscibus, </i><span style="font-family:arial;">1613</span><i style="font-family: arial;">.</i><span style="font-family:arial;"> Aldrovandi sometimes combined impressive realism (a recognizable shark) with puzzling chimera. The fish on the bottom has a mammal-like face with a saw protruding from the head, dragon-like scales, fishy fins and flippers. Aldrovandi sometimes exhibited what the 18th-century naturalist Buffon would later describe as "a tendency towards credulity." Of the stingray, Aldrovandi observed, "They love music, the dance and witty remarks." Exactly how stingrays exhibited their affection for these niceties is unknown.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2007/03/capturing-soul-of-americas.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Honorius Philoponus</span></a>, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Novi Orbis Indiae Occidentalis, </i><span style="font-family:arial;">1621. The whale-as-island made another appearance in this 17th-century engraving. It shows the whale, Jasconius, in an account of the voyage of Saint Brendan. Some of the monks were preoccupied with mass when the nature of the island became obvious.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUi7ejvtFoW2BWeCB7BcFwsnB400gCBQbEPhc7EA1E-G8PJxVeFSV18AQu4fYoXOCTspXfOJhc9CS7J7TbRGdZJ5MmeviwojIh95yttryXHIsfKQ7Qc8mFM0xIAxA327WqX_bjnafBw0Fu/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 245px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUi7ejvtFoW2BWeCB7BcFwsnB400gCBQbEPhc7EA1E-G8PJxVeFSV18AQu4fYoXOCTspXfOJhc9CS7J7TbRGdZJ5MmeviwojIh95yttryXHIsfKQ7Qc8mFM0xIAxA327WqX_bjnafBw0Fu/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316360833105998514" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style="font-family: arial;"><br /><br /></i></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-6992847646888981582009-03-20T12:22:00.000-07:002009-03-23T12:37:00.064-07:00Yakov Chernikhov<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Yakov Georgievich Chernikhov (1889 - 1951) was a constructivist architect and graphic designer. His books on architectural design published in Leningrad between 1927 and 1933 are amongst the most innovatory texts (and illustrations) of their time. </span> <span style="font-family:arial;">Chernikov was born to a poor family, one of 11 children. After studying at the college of art in Odessa, he moved in 1914 to Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and joined the Architecture faculty of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1916, where he later studied under Leon Benois. </span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">In 1927 he organized in Leningrad his own Science and Research Pilot Laboratory for Architectural Shapes and Graphical Studies, where with a group of students and assistants he became actively involved, in experimental and design work.</span></div><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBdLgnO1D87pv_fLAg1JuHLNJBokl-29hWv_sPBnuV81gw79ChaPVmVwFD5bZXS8jrRyQ_BdX2Dpml_q8lRJpgJK8rUk4Iw-zIumKhdqp1bTRiMpDzDMjcfekJGEWGF_RLk-wOhOryFQ7/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 279px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBdLgnO1D87pv_fLAg1JuHLNJBokl-29hWv_sPBnuV81gw79ChaPVmVwFD5bZXS8jrRyQ_BdX2Dpml_q8lRJpgJK8rUk4Iw-zIumKhdqp1bTRiMpDzDMjcfekJGEWGF_RLk-wOhOryFQ7/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315354690985212418" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:85%;" >Chernikhov with some of his students<br /></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Greatly interested in futurist movements, including constructivism, and the suprematism of Malevich (with whom he was acquainted), he set out his ideas in a series of books in the late 1920s and early 1930s, including: </span><br /></div><span style="font-family:arial;"></span><ul><li><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >The Art of Graphic Representation (1927)</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >Fundamentals of Contemporary Architecture (1930)</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >The Construction of Architectural and Machine Forms (1931)</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >Architectural Fantasies (1933)</span></li></ul><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wm8Mnv4ivmrdwtaIa8y1zB9giFBW_ycmBXqUuti7KdscMyU0o-c7JqKwUo50sEL7m-hG0z0PEqAUgKAt4cGrLuLk8teINxJYwhYBUSoYQzc9_RqzB7KFCkwIP8PS5p3X9_YBX3u3e-fB/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 179px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wm8Mnv4ivmrdwtaIa8y1zB9giFBW_ycmBXqUuti7KdscMyU0o-c7JqKwUo50sEL7m-hG0z0PEqAUgKAt4cGrLuLk8teINxJYwhYBUSoYQzc9_RqzB7KFCkwIP8PS5p3X9_YBX3u3e-fB/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315356303324812258" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:arial;">The latter, a very fine example of colour printing, was perhaps the last avant-garde art book to be published in Russia during the Stalinist era. Its remarkable designs uncannily predict the architecture of the later 20th century. However his unusual ideas meant that Chernikhov was distrusted by the regime.<br /><br />Although he continued work as a teacher and held a number of one-man shows, few of his designs were built and very few appear to have survived. Amongst the latter is the tower of the Red Carnation factory in St. Petersburg, here shown on the left (2006).<br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;"><br />I<span style="font-family:arial;">n various years he also executed a series of works in the area of architectural theory, proportions, architectural aesthetics, and the methodology of teaching the graphical disciplines. </span></span><span style="font-family:arial;">Chernikhov also produced a number of richly designed architectural fantasies of historic architecture, which were never exhibited in his lifetime.</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1. "Fundamentals of Modern Architecture" (1925-30)</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">In 1930 Iakov Chernikhov published his first major book in the field of architecture, "Fundamentals of Modern Architecture", where he reinterpreted the fundamental concepts of architecture, such as space, harmony, statics, functionality, construction, and composition proceeding from an earlier proposed postulates concerning a basic shift of rhythms in favor of a rhythm of proportions and the predominance of asymmetry.</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ498NZoXOskZgHTimlW4MQ8I6aBnrc3dGarph-NL8yLl3hYSAolcI0mQy7RU-SQ0dp0SVbJTOG5F6cDSN87mX_5jciuVq7f6hu-Y_qd0SCeteWQ0VmNJsnI-UjNxqKKLx-rjnn1oQoEkq/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 275px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ498NZoXOskZgHTimlW4MQ8I6aBnrc3dGarph-NL8yLl3hYSAolcI0mQy7RU-SQ0dp0SVbJTOG5F6cDSN87mX_5jciuVq7f6hu-Y_qd0SCeteWQ0VmNJsnI-UjNxqKKLx-rjnn1oQoEkq/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315360141803762194" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">“<span style="font-style: italic;">By rejecting naked, ascetic, "boxed" architecture, which offers no architectural saturation of space and does not satisfy our eye from the aesthetic side or the side of emotional experience, I tried through consonance of basic masses to achieve a truly expressive architectural image in new forms.</span>”</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhexGMcB_wDTRZPd16TGjQEc6dbmuxPUr3JoUBTD4Cjw8PGVjIpmgnxBIuonN1YylldFP0hTFmTrmozFGoT-UA1zq_QbVKeieP2KnRaUPji6jQYTdeQ_LbeOHAro0uhrB0Od6L4JqE4_Ebo/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 268px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhexGMcB_wDTRZPd16TGjQEc6dbmuxPUr3JoUBTD4Cjw8PGVjIpmgnxBIuonN1YylldFP0hTFmTrmozFGoT-UA1zq_QbVKeieP2KnRaUPji6jQYTdeQ_LbeOHAro0uhrB0Od6L4JqE4_Ebo/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315360866730753314" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" >“The architect should not limit the sphere of his work with narrow frames and servile imitations, but, where necessary, should overcome obstacles by means of his powerful fantasy and bravely move forward. Those who think that the architect’s activity should embrace only current realistic requirements are thinking incorrectly and falsely."<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij81CALGSNngXpjmnBKfXu_WrUF0PVh_jtkUubUU-dYO4-BgCoZ8J76OpsQu82irFfNLmUjG6MXzs_4YTefRcM188SSoYDaLYRtrGEJsufjgvU91Z3zM8X4R5QXuUJfeNaIvlKu5laqUrH/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 145px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij81CALGSNngXpjmnBKfXu_WrUF0PVh_jtkUubUU-dYO4-BgCoZ8J76OpsQu82irFfNLmUjG6MXzs_4YTefRcM188SSoYDaLYRtrGEJsufjgvU91Z3zM8X4R5QXuUJfeNaIvlKu5laqUrH/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315362781973114034" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGbSn-mltmDoj0Ua0sq7ypNcoZwp-qmDW0CrMPCoFstwcoCNMq2JtPCvYWlRo9gC-TCVYvAa_FXCnjoTdFk2fAssC7X3hzBdwFcThyYvGyu6NoDmj2AlE9fXzw0YTBTAJrcptzVbdvUxBR/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 146px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGbSn-mltmDoj0Ua0sq7ypNcoZwp-qmDW0CrMPCoFstwcoCNMq2JtPCvYWlRo9gC-TCVYvAa_FXCnjoTdFk2fAssC7X3hzBdwFcThyYvGyu6NoDmj2AlE9fXzw0YTBTAJrcptzVbdvUxBR/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315363100162045010" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidw7LUGnUfneKkXS87zEgJQ_sORQPQatIGpXtrgWwMwhjfVDLgNC4K7VRDyjI0H5mn30PsfyrTMlHp9CZnSAg_9TA8LA17lMgtNnuwPQzyXelH3AoaaXGGXL2hXcRWSoZTgN0Lt41BbkF_/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 326px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidw7LUGnUfneKkXS87zEgJQ_sORQPQatIGpXtrgWwMwhjfVDLgNC4K7VRDyjI0H5mn30PsfyrTMlHp9CZnSAg_9TA8LA17lMgtNnuwPQzyXelH3AoaaXGGXL2hXcRWSoZTgN0Lt41BbkF_/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315372528883901650" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">2. "Architectural Fantasies</span></strong>"<span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" > (1925-33)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" ><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8bLTmHKJ0GMr_O75-I8LGr_utaD9QnZKXF6_HSB5hnObdnulNvkZrhO6681-pnuZnQgbQDOApqPJ14MxxG58rUVJ4doSkp4ZFLp4Slc0e8O3D70PRRO77sQMr-tHPdJtrFT4bXQFJ6HK/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 346px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8bLTmHKJ0GMr_O75-I8LGr_utaD9QnZKXF6_HSB5hnObdnulNvkZrhO6681-pnuZnQgbQDOApqPJ14MxxG58rUVJ4doSkp4ZFLp4Slc0e8O3D70PRRO77sQMr-tHPdJtrFT4bXQFJ6HK/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315373908810284738" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" ><br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;">Architectural Fantasies: 101 compositions in color and 101 in black-and-white—is the last and, probably, the best book published during Chernikhov’s life and summarizing his search for the forms and images of new architecture. In the second half of the 20th century this book, in which Chernikhov’s compositional talent appeared with greatest brilliance, became mandatory for architects in Japan, Europe, and the United States. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF2M8v7W-zITOFsp3QUw-28iFhLqZyWJ9c1UGyaheo_DGPnMsZ1X_XE5qW-pItnOfLjdEd9FV9Fh2ED4sXI_-k8yOqhnwI1jq8TWSHalVC_qZVeMhI1siKennweq74bWRexxZ7YeH4zlks/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 341px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF2M8v7W-zITOFsp3QUw-28iFhLqZyWJ9c1UGyaheo_DGPnMsZ1X_XE5qW-pItnOfLjdEd9FV9Fh2ED4sXI_-k8yOqhnwI1jq8TWSHalVC_qZVeMhI1siKennweq74bWRexxZ7YeH4zlks/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315374507724947138" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTkzIaXo0URPREm1ufGUyUJwmaAJJuq_TT-Z2f1dZ8qPZwv6nVNz_mucwpLBHcDsxGTulh0X9OiSSXqbDN4cAOZyvY1fXIvhd6UgxJRoocjaZUlm7QRAUfxhsTXNkLV0Co3NW0yI5lZ60c/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 298px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTkzIaXo0URPREm1ufGUyUJwmaAJJuq_TT-Z2f1dZ8qPZwv6nVNz_mucwpLBHcDsxGTulh0X9OiSSXqbDN4cAOZyvY1fXIvhd6UgxJRoocjaZUlm7QRAUfxhsTXNkLV0Co3NW0yI5lZ60c/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315374957831356882" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:arial;" >"An epoch of the greatest reconstructions of human relations must be reflected by its own unforgettable highly artistic monuments. It will create its own style not by rephrasing the old basics, but through creative quests for new forms with new content under the new requirements.” </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd75ZqF2dmdSdXqQqZHK1ygPz2ogK3U8exVyI85JYxBGHzyfusCQMCQAQrIku_WuYJ5IDOLCuKyZVFCrXadKBEvaYWJoWbfFf-q3xII8bh6ZizFZiA69qaUi_awNRELM99SMfCqklbK8m1/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 285px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd75ZqF2dmdSdXqQqZHK1ygPz2ogK3U8exVyI85JYxBGHzyfusCQMCQAQrIku_WuYJ5IDOLCuKyZVFCrXadKBEvaYWJoWbfFf-q3xII8bh6ZizFZiA69qaUi_awNRELM99SMfCqklbK8m1/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315375878214690274" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">3. "Construction of Architectural and Machine Forms" (1925-1931</span></strong><span style="font-family:arial;">)</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtPwAwl7nyfVPVl0Or_YzB408JKOODqSdH4Zmu_e2L5DlyY3IWIX1AXv6By9dVT5l5Fnzear73quZrSgEDbJJtnXLo6MuVfdSqwFWuQL7ikz7X9VUN9efaTMSh-6DpKZifwrwb6rPxMg3O/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 271px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtPwAwl7nyfVPVl0Or_YzB408JKOODqSdH4Zmu_e2L5DlyY3IWIX1AXv6By9dVT5l5Fnzear73quZrSgEDbJJtnXLo6MuVfdSqwFWuQL7ikz7X9VUN9efaTMSh-6DpKZifwrwb6rPxMg3O/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315377624204007618" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><strong></strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Having graduated in 1925 from the Academy of Arts, Iakov Chernikhov became fascinated with industrial architecture, which was the area of construction showing the most progress. In comparison with other areas, it possessed multifunctionality and a wider elite, and consequently promised a wider field of activity in terms of form creation. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXO52LU3ue_AsCplYz2tKLp_ZPPyFI-T8lxnNIGOnhn3t95uMakut5ktbPZnu8jQcHmKx8bNZMNF4tQ5O22klkPcA6L0ymCECIgfcT_emLqdRjMeejRA20kdZ5vtY1SmBu-u7seE8YZoao/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 348px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXO52LU3ue_AsCplYz2tKLp_ZPPyFI-T8lxnNIGOnhn3t95uMakut5ktbPZnu8jQcHmKx8bNZMNF4tQ5O22klkPcA6L0ymCECIgfcT_emLqdRjMeejRA20kdZ5vtY1SmBu-u7seE8YZoao/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315379478200203266" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">The pathos of industrialization, with its sublime, heroic-romantic aura in those years, defined creative quests in various forms of art. 1927 witnessed the debut of Alexander Mosolov’s one-part symphonic piece, The Factory, in which the image of a working factory was reproduced by musical means. It immediately entered the repertoire of the leading orchestras, and for several years its performance opened concerts of symphonic music in Moscow and Leningrad. Also at that time Sergey Prokofiev wrote his famous Le Pas d'acier, and Dmitry Shostakovich composed the ballet Bolt.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"> Alexander Mosolov : <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgNPeUeRTjI">Steel - The Iron Foundry</a><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI15HEi4aMMmrqyTnS13xXOMLnRyiI27Z5Yl0yD_2H332xGXxsKHbQhN9_Gdfqfyd37Va99hXhVverS32ir5y6mQ0B9zi2w9PytMKbwUq26hgGX_VD0xKqHsNvB63au4hPp1MYWtGvzSnz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 214px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI15HEi4aMMmrqyTnS13xXOMLnRyiI27Z5Yl0yD_2H332xGXxsKHbQhN9_Gdfqfyd37Va99hXhVverS32ir5y6mQ0B9zi2w9PytMKbwUq26hgGX_VD0xKqHsNvB63au4hPp1MYWtGvzSnz/s320/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315383139007464690" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:arial;">Soviet Union 1920s: Concert of Factory Sirens and Steam Whistles. The conductor stands on the roof of the tallest house and conducts by means of flags. Source: katardat.org, <a href="http://www.katardat.org/russia/pictures/photos1926.html">The Cultural Revolution</a><a href="http://www.katardat.org/russia/pictures/photos1926.html"> in Soviet Russia</a> 1920-1929.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;">"Black chimneys, buildings, crankshafts, cylinders. Ready to talk to you, I raise my hands, I sing of you, my iron friends. I go to the factory as to a festival, as to a feast." Thus wrote Alexander Gastayev in his Poetics of a Work Offensive, a distinctive manifesto of proletarian poetry in those years.</span><br /><br /><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />4. "Palaces of Communism" (</span></strong><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1934-1941</span></strong><span style="font-family:arial;">)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">In the mid-1930s, after the establishment of Constructivism and the proclamation of a principally new approach to architectural ideology in Soviet Russia, Iakov Chernikhov, like many others, was subject to a vicious criticism. His books were withdrawn from libraries, and those already submitted to the printer were never published.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjD2VQNKvh3HWB8TPWWoAq0EWqscZgKt-KBSQrs_p5LAlIyBWNs7BEncTQVsvUrIbdDt1SPiJO88eb01qX19upoJ6WPW-NI-JNzZCGD8Om3Xrzkkc6JXZmaxeRTwxf8_zHZDCCxP3xVvf5/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 313px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjD2VQNKvh3HWB8TPWWoAq0EWqscZgKt-KBSQrs_p5LAlIyBWNs7BEncTQVsvUrIbdDt1SPiJO88eb01qX19upoJ6WPW-NI-JNzZCGD8Om3Xrzkkc6JXZmaxeRTwxf8_zHZDCCxP3xVvf5/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315387273514431346" border="0" /></a><br /><br />N<span style="font-family:arial;">evertheless, Chernikhov preserved his ability to generate new ideas. By now already clearly in the Piranesi style, he created in 1934-1946 a cycle of works that included: The Architecture of Palaces, The Architectural Ensembles, The Architecture of the Future, The Architecture of Bridges, and The Palaces of Communism in which the author not only studies the image of the architecture of the new epoch, but also the issues of formation of the architectural ensemble.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcK-QVZucFjuoHegXK5jPlMTSr1urdAZiYQiKucPNTY0MmGl7fYEd_8Y64fVUi6COyiJ1elVtkvqheq35bsjt17ZbIzZDYi7TB0VDHP6y_hsWBQPPn-P5SAJZNZOJZSkHkdU3RdFDlp7hL/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 298px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcK-QVZucFjuoHegXK5jPlMTSr1urdAZiYQiKucPNTY0MmGl7fYEd_8Y64fVUi6COyiJ1elVtkvqheq35bsjt17ZbIzZDYi7TB0VDHP6y_hsWBQPPn-P5SAJZNZOJZSkHkdU3RdFDlp7hL/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315388828424905474" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />5. "Pantheons of the Great Patriotic War"</span></strong><strong style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> (1942 -1945</span></strong><span style="font-family:arial;">)</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdpPJS8X0SPE2awp6qEwMfQ1HM3nWrMAU-Ntrbpzy0Y6UJx-dAJeTCLAA8FA72a4bSchj-u5R0T-1j-KfpoGIeOWjEFyXlJSeZ-R0MMkEhomWilJ71MQ8PJpr613OKZSYhtuJKtGaBkq5/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 354px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdpPJS8X0SPE2awp6qEwMfQ1HM3nWrMAU-Ntrbpzy0Y6UJx-dAJeTCLAA8FA72a4bSchj-u5R0T-1j-KfpoGIeOWjEFyXlJSeZ-R0MMkEhomWilJ71MQ8PJpr613OKZSYhtuJKtGaBkq5/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315389612837637122" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">In 1942, when the Union of Architects announced a competition for monuments to war heroes, Chernikhov created the design-graphic suite “Pantheons of the Great Patriotic War” that embodied the tragedy and greatness of Russia in the Second World War. For the competition Chernikhov prepared nine Pantheon project-perspectives, made in large format (900x1200 mm), which was unusual for the author. He has worked out the detailed program for the Pantheon conceived as a grandiose museum. After the War the total number exceeded 50.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioPi69RDZlN5s0B0XzlhasUK6HmQOXiQGO5XzNVzUikP97yih8PpdNpNu43Ad92oqgPVEIS6PFpMlrn-D9hw8zxZhej_vMR9jCuZhEi2VVq3uQZBUT74nDNDxZxrT_luWpAKP293vEy6os/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 318px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioPi69RDZlN5s0B0XzlhasUK6HmQOXiQGO5XzNVzUikP97yih8PpdNpNu43Ad92oqgPVEIS6PFpMlrn-D9hw8zxZhej_vMR9jCuZhEi2VVq3uQZBUT74nDNDxZxrT_luWpAKP293vEy6os/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315390350396969522" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >6. Some Influences</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEujSOiAjndy-q6SxiR4nn03LmLADJ7lBARDGoiR_0r3tUGyqCYlrEeaOELhdFV12CicWa2T4_qxTQNY6sUlVhaOFcUKQ7nRwmNxqJcpVXPTgvOY8ZMzhZQO4Wn4-N3H3E9HFXp7rmnw36/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEujSOiAjndy-q6SxiR4nn03LmLADJ7lBARDGoiR_0r3tUGyqCYlrEeaOELhdFV12CicWa2T4_qxTQNY6sUlVhaOFcUKQ7nRwmNxqJcpVXPTgvOY8ZMzhZQO4Wn4-N3H3E9HFXp7rmnw36/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315392273597784258" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e">Étienne-Louis Boullée</a>, Projet de cénotaphe à Newton, vue en élévation, 1784.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvCtqhElLfr9TS7l-4zyMvTPUuGVYACNoOL_EkyTkRiER_texSVZmXdI8cJJON1Yzz4Ro6ASgZN5DDFxVXqUepBpkMOSAaaHInhqRmNe3NT8jB4NvmYT-ZMgNm8cjSXsc7p6hflUM2HsY9/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvCtqhElLfr9TS7l-4zyMvTPUuGVYACNoOL_EkyTkRiER_texSVZmXdI8cJJON1Yzz4Ro6ASgZN5DDFxVXqUepBpkMOSAaaHInhqRmNe3NT8jB4NvmYT-ZMgNm8cjSXsc7p6hflUM2HsY9/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315393508245579474" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a>, Einstein Tower in Potsdam, 1920s</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhehgvMtbDFYKmAkamRJ5BPTPiy_sa-04_U22RSAU9iQDv5iOCN321s2m3dEY9FCmWnmQo0KrrHa3Ggawn0C3P8eKUW10hqMCgc0QB8quuwmx0uJ5x4b-HlO8O9_6F1BsknR0WXT4ZvRb-U/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 301px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhehgvMtbDFYKmAkamRJ5BPTPiy_sa-04_U22RSAU9iQDv5iOCN321s2m3dEY9FCmWnmQo0KrrHa3Ggawn0C3P8eKUW10hqMCgc0QB8quuwmx0uJ5x4b-HlO8O9_6F1BsknR0WXT4ZvRb-U/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315394534556108306" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatlin%27s_Tower">Tatlin’s Tower</a> or The Monument to the Third Interna<span style="font-family:arial;">tional</span>, 1920s (not realized)</span>.<br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_RN2ZEHyXeAEFtq5PpCaLxnKoT2fJHrqu5YD2tx7WBTwhv8YwmkjIbMlAlSlnfoZG0c-vYmcXwrIJlLM68J10LzP2chQOSvJjYuCpzZTQIOrVVvNCiwzuIjHb-IPypmmBOqhBAeRielzU/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 279px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_RN2ZEHyXeAEFtq5PpCaLxnKoT2fJHrqu5YD2tx7WBTwhv8YwmkjIbMlAlSlnfoZG0c-vYmcXwrIJlLM68J10LzP2chQOSvJjYuCpzZTQIOrVVvNCiwzuIjHb-IPypmmBOqhBAeRielzU/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315397676472169810" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://coilhouse.net/2007/09/01/el-lissitzky/">El Lissitzky</a>, Der Wolkenbügel (The Cloud Iron), 1925 (not realized) </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >7. Sources<br /></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_architecture"><span style="font-family:arial;">Constructivist</span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" > </span></a><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_architecture">architecture</a> (Wikipedia)</span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /></span><a href="http://www.icif.ru/Engl/cycles.htm"><span style="font-family:arial;">Yakov Chernikhov </span><span style="font-family:arial;">International Foundation</span></a> (with many more images)<br /><h1 style="font-weight: normal;font-family:arial;" id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></h1> <h1 style="font-family: arial; font-weight: normal;" id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"></h1><h1 style="font-weight: normal;font-family:arial;" id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></h1><br /><br /><br /></div><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-66227991058909904682009-03-19T06:02:00.000-07:002009-03-21T00:54:28.886-07:00Hugo Scheiber and Jószef Attila<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hugó Scheiber </span>(1873-1950)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >was born in Budapest. At the age of eight, he moved with his family from Budapest to Vienna.</span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" id="ctrlArtistBio_lblBio" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span><br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTO-D-iiYz6Ov-yJrlGUEUOf4dqvxrRQ2CJ4RAn4F9fg54oJJkG8WGwqxOLuNPv8P-za-PRQ3H4MkSPv5HWGCvIg6g2ibYFrPQ6Dv0ma86vaJdn55eZoxlSgz4-EFctrTXa1vqXm8K6Pcp/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 385px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTO-D-iiYz6Ov-yJrlGUEUOf4dqvxrRQ2CJ4RAn4F9fg54oJJkG8WGwqxOLuNPv8P-za-PRQ3H4MkSPv5HWGCvIg6g2ibYFrPQ6Dv0ma86vaJdn55eZoxlSgz4-EFctrTXa1vqXm8K6Pcp/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314886825747691570" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">Hugo Scheiber, Self portrait<br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" id="ctrlArtistBio_lblBio" >In 1898, to help support his family after they had returned to Budapest he started working during the day, attending painting classes at the Commercial Art School in the evening. In 1900, he completed his studies.<br /><br />Scheiber showed an early interest in German Expressionism and Futurism. In 1915 he met Marinetti, who invited him to join the Futurist movement. Because Scheiber's paintings conflicted with academic style of the Hungarian art establishment, his work was virtually ignored in his own country. In 1919, he and his friend Béla Kádár held an exhibition organized by Hévesy in Vienna, which was a great success, so much so that the Budapest Art Museum purchased two of his drawings.<br /><br />In 1920, Scheiber returned to Vienna. A turning point in his career came in 1921 when Herwarth Walden, founder of Germany's leading avant-garde periodical, <i>Der Sturm</i> became interested in Scheiber's work. His paintings soon appeared regularly in Walden's magazine. Exhibitions of his work followed in London, Rome, La Paz, and New York.<br /><br />Another turning point came in 1926, with the New York exhibition of the Société Anonyme, organized by Katherine Dreier. Important avant-garde artists from more than twenty-three countries were represented. Scheiber was invited by Marinetti to participate in the great meeting of the Futrists held in Rome in 1933, where he was received with great enthusiasm.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" id="ctrlArtistBio_lblBio" ><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuBZyV8AQGGLgh1PN0ZeC6DU3eZyOMgLwydkUCWIWEcFalCp83m1SAjsPpRSg9Q7e_-JvllU8ZuIac-BSA0Ei9YbX21JRoJxfMT37y_PlYHdXP5uBtQgic8JKg2fUYVxuOgJ-ToOS2OV8a/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 323px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuBZyV8AQGGLgh1PN0ZeC6DU3eZyOMgLwydkUCWIWEcFalCp83m1SAjsPpRSg9Q7e_-JvllU8ZuIac-BSA0Ei9YbX21JRoJxfMT37y_PlYHdXP5uBtQgic8JKg2fUYVxuOgJ-ToOS2OV8a/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315250058168239298" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jószef Attila</span> (1905-1937) </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >One of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century he spent his entire life in extreme poverty and suffered from depression. Although Attila's poems were melancholic, they also expressed the author's faith in life's essential beauty and harmony. József Attila committed suicide at the age of 32.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span><br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSNgS2pwwHr5GF6ZJS7R458WjqEj4tyUtXZAIGpoto64fk304aKemGXrjE5nrZUYesnbYHVKndXptaI7ocF9iRe3ZFVTJpwdcoOM8BDvmGa1aBio24IcugFnrKj6sTEzLDZQ4Wip2kRW8c/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSNgS2pwwHr5GF6ZJS7R458WjqEj4tyUtXZAIGpoto64fk304aKemGXrjE5nrZUYesnbYHVKndXptaI7ocF9iRe3ZFVTJpwdcoOM8BDvmGa1aBio24IcugFnrKj6sTEzLDZQ4Wip2kRW8c/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315228652015592546" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">József Attila was born in Budapest. His father left the family when József was 3, originally planning to move to the United States, but ending finally in Romania. In 1910-12 József lived with his foster parents in Öcsöd, at the age of nine he attempted suicide. His mother died in 1919.</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Between the years 1920 and 1923 József studied at a secondary school in Makó, without graduating. As a poet József made his debut with A Szépség Koldusa (1922), when he was 17 years old. Foreword for the collection was written by the famous poet Gyula Juhász (1883-1937). József studied privately for a year, and entered the University of Szeged in 1924. With the help of Lajos Hatvany, he acquired a good education in Hungary, Austria (1925) and France (1926-27).</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In 1925 Jószef published his second collection of poems. He was expelled from the university because of a revolutionary poem, </span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >Tiszta szível</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> (With a Pure Heart) - the influential professor Antal Horger attacked the poem. With his manuscripts he travelled to Vienna, and then to Paris, where he studied at Sorbonne. Such internationally known Hungarian researchers and critics as Béla Balázs and Georg Lukács praised his works. In 1927 several French magazines published József's poems. In 1927-28 he studied at the University of Budapest. His third collection of poems, appeared in 1929. Next year he joined the illegal Hungarian Communist Party, and in 1931 József's essay </span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >Irodalom és Szocializmus</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> (Revolution and Socialism) led to indictment. In 1933 he was expelled from the party by Stalinists, who accused him of fascist views. In the same year Judit Szántó became his life companion.</span></p> <p style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >In 1932 appeared József's </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >Külvárosi Èj</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >, his mature collection of poems, which was followed by </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >Medvetánc </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >(1934), and his last work </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >Nagyon Fáj </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >(1936). Now he gained a wide critical attention, and he became one of the journalists at the magazine </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Szép Szón</i></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >. József had undergone psychoanalysis in 1931, and in 1935 he was again hospitalised for severe depression. On January 1937 József met the author Thomas Mann. In the summer he was again in a hospital. József committed suicide in Balatonszárszó on December 3, 1937 by throwing himself under a freight train</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGmP8s3M_QGi7LrlqdGmbHJhWAN2dVaFbejaI4KEWx4oDlZBVaZElKTTkZvZH0kYVHmJMSFlroUDG_FkkMk0Z6KV0e8VPIb-yUfIq82MX1DwAPRpBH4w8GZ_H8y4WGg1TbzLflk3GBt7fH/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 268px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGmP8s3M_QGi7LrlqdGmbHJhWAN2dVaFbejaI4KEWx4oDlZBVaZElKTTkZvZH0kYVHmJMSFlroUDG_FkkMk0Z6KV0e8VPIb-yUfIq82MX1DwAPRpBH4w8GZ_H8y4WGg1TbzLflk3GBt7fH/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314889004289269394" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><p style="font-family:arial;"></p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >Ode</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >by Jószef Attila (1933, last stanza)</span><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >(Envoi)</span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(Now the train's going down the track,<br />maybe today it'll carry me back,<br />maybe my hot face will cool down today,<br />maybe you'll talk to me, maybe you'll say:</span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Warm water's running, there's a bath by and by!<br />Here is a towel, now get yourself dry!<br />The meat's on the oven, and you will be fed!<br />There where I lie, there is your bed.)</span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnHI58671g6TTzpeW4OLgjRWFeme4TlD2PHOp7a7wYznvrTMZCreP8FKo1pV1vOJVbuHlzQuPNIlSqQ-kGQVTEfdEwYzkhmetbykTjA5odJ8plLYGGvnPgM_lC1myyfRJY2-nEUkNHDhWV/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 315px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnHI58671g6TTzpeW4OLgjRWFeme4TlD2PHOp7a7wYznvrTMZCreP8FKo1pV1vOJVbuHlzQuPNIlSqQ-kGQVTEfdEwYzkhmetbykTjA5odJ8plLYGGvnPgM_lC1myyfRJY2-nEUkNHDhWV/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315245171879559874" border="0" /></a></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ></span></p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" ></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >The Scream </span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">by Jószef Attila (1936)</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;"></p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ></span> <p face="arial" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:100%;">Love me wildly, to distraction,<br />scare away my huge affliction,<br />in the cage of an abstraction,<br />I, an ape, jump up and down,<br />bare my teeth in malediction,<br />for I have no faith or fiction,<br />in the terror of His frown.</span></p><p face="arial" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:100%;">Mortal, do you hear my singing,<br />or mere nature's echoes ringing?<br />Hug me, don't just stare unseeing<br />as the sharpened knife comes down--<br />there's no guardian that's undying<br />who will hear my song and sighing:<br />in the terror of His frown.</span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">As a raft upon a river,<br />Slovak raftman, whosoever,<br />so the human race forever<br />dumb with pain, goes drifting down--<br />but I scream in vain endeavour:<br />love me: I'll be good, I shiver<br />in the terror of His frown.</span></p><p style="font-family:arial;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0kr7NBk23lG4qqSxv4GOx7ckF-SSukX6SDS4D-Sdmu4kp_56HzptStV8-EPlVncZL3SwKP_s9DRkZI6ClzGdUbo0Su0653-vc5yC19jNpAv2WaQmlqx75uJahjq2cJF47lnsPbB_mbaem/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 143px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0kr7NBk23lG4qqSxv4GOx7ckF-SSukX6SDS4D-Sdmu4kp_56HzptStV8-EPlVncZL3SwKP_s9DRkZI6ClzGdUbo0Su0653-vc5yC19jNpAv2WaQmlqx75uJahjq2cJF47lnsPbB_mbaem/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315234891119204162" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieaRystuW6nntazGLYdsIJze8l85lYwXX7iXQKZRQhhfQkaOhmdn6NiTC3qr03iuUUSngp-EkksOJSIvWu25g7Zq7QDDh6v82mWdTr6Qu0EQljm8tn9_8TGrlC5EtJ72-yCxF2LV9H8YwS/s1600-h/z2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 142px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieaRystuW6nntazGLYdsIJze8l85lYwXX7iXQKZRQhhfQkaOhmdn6NiTC3qr03iuUUSngp-EkksOJSIvWu25g7Zq7QDDh6v82mWdTr6Qu0EQljm8tn9_8TGrlC5EtJ72-yCxF2LV9H8YwS/s200/z2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315235384211456690" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPkBWvdFukpgp8mlog4USkIL1lIKJHvycoHXAYAzYamSonrLzTQvNXaSoGhSN2B53sF5X1sb25yyRM4spLkCWgwfRrtIZEGRhKUgj9NCPdhsDeKf7KJ9-4CmoPCCh7Q2PfFJy-LZR1vpEL/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 141px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPkBWvdFukpgp8mlog4USkIL1lIKJHvycoHXAYAzYamSonrLzTQvNXaSoGhSN2B53sF5X1sb25yyRM4spLkCWgwfRrtIZEGRhKUgj9NCPdhsDeKf7KJ9-4CmoPCCh7Q2PfFJy-LZR1vpEL/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315235911717345298" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hYlsP5LRccGBNW3OdJnCrWkdEt_Reoy5WfyeANrFgHf20EWPkBNmJD1nv2L2aDUaEBuXj0LGIHeWEaLd23kPQ58VpdFXPftVpKTq6T1n9xUI9ys4I6ryaNemqSSefHCgIzYzGpCa9nKX/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 133px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hYlsP5LRccGBNW3OdJnCrWkdEt_Reoy5WfyeANrFgHf20EWPkBNmJD1nv2L2aDUaEBuXj0LGIHeWEaLd23kPQ58VpdFXPftVpKTq6T1n9xUI9ys4I6ryaNemqSSefHCgIzYzGpCa9nKX/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315236236956769730" border="0" /></a><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In 1933 Scheiber travelled to Berlin, and exhibited his works in the Palazzo Adriana in Rome on the invitation of Filippo Tomamaso Marinetti. He had always had relations to the Futurism. He may have seen their first exhibition in Budapest in 1913, and during his 1933 visit he met the "aeripittura", that is, the second wave of the Italian Futurismo.</span></p><p style="font-family: arial; font-style: italic;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9f6w4peKLayAX5aWqOUHYSg-lbvS5N5zebaUamuixI3kQlU5-HkndhIPnIp18YhRcsHfk0NL87r1KOwU5JWfJjSF-IrlknoZjMVAxVl16F9qSyb-1f4HMTfdw9aHNsL72KX45zeMlRy8a/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 328px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9f6w4peKLayAX5aWqOUHYSg-lbvS5N5zebaUamuixI3kQlU5-HkndhIPnIp18YhRcsHfk0NL87r1KOwU5JWfJjSF-IrlknoZjMVAxVl16F9qSyb-1f4HMTfdw9aHNsL72KX45zeMlRy8a/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315237588090292674" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:100%;">However, his art is somewhat closer to the Expressionism partly because of his own personality, partly because eof his close relation to Herwarth Walden's Sturm Galerie. Even the second wave of the Italian Futurism (the younger generation: Gerardo Dottori, Enrico Prampolini, Tato, Fortunato Depero) changed the ideology. Their faith in technical development, dynamism, movement was transformed into a certain perspective from the air; it was the so-called aeropittura. Scheiber must have known this movement well, but he used these devices only in the tematics he was at home, that is, in the world of theatre, street, fun-fair and circus.</span></p><p face="arial"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZzuMriCAxAw_78qVJdLwj_nJxOSkdo3ErfthnoxVKwJBU42JC_q4HqzRStTi-d2-de-eZKvezAcxG8r96AgDbXU60axjBW5Gsf47HJgDgnKRTi1FNGSy9LAGOmm7FGQywm4izH8xw6FXz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 276px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZzuMriCAxAw_78qVJdLwj_nJxOSkdo3ErfthnoxVKwJBU42JC_q4HqzRStTi-d2-de-eZKvezAcxG8r96AgDbXU60axjBW5Gsf47HJgDgnKRTi1FNGSy9LAGOmm7FGQywm4izH8xw6FXz/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315239111740169170" border="0" /></a></p><p face="arial"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">An impressive array of Schreiber's works can be seen at </span><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://www.kieselbach.hu/sa-975">Kieselbach </a><span style="font-family:arial;">Gallery, Budapest</span></span><br /></p><p face="arial"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZstGznuCwErDzXDTj0SgWKfuByxNOJ8l95F3jGGAJAmAf36MVoNxW1pDybC0fkl7eUwGxubqluQo85qXFiSIV2JtWqzPpk9JMuaHbU1ScVMVLYTmfw0aiXFePOI84pZOl1vnMvKTRlWzw/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 163px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZstGznuCwErDzXDTj0SgWKfuByxNOJ8l95F3jGGAJAmAf36MVoNxW1pDybC0fkl7eUwGxubqluQo85qXFiSIV2JtWqzPpk9JMuaHbU1ScVMVLYTmfw0aiXFePOI84pZOl1vnMvKTRlWzw/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315240377803793106" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO6edbHdkO_NTakvGp_BnVptxMLThc0eSrwCa75O7wabfiPzwwImBWFIlv2PcPn13u8_-n1IBt3isZKXHoM1ED-8MJlT29wXDRyUIKIXXWA3ol5rSuzruZvy4EU9lZGmCZeQmuuN-KN3iK/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO6edbHdkO_NTakvGp_BnVptxMLThc0eSrwCa75O7wabfiPzwwImBWFIlv2PcPn13u8_-n1IBt3isZKXHoM1ED-8MJlT29wXDRyUIKIXXWA3ol5rSuzruZvy4EU9lZGmCZeQmuuN-KN3iK/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315240857390769586" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjBLAkY9H121YkKNSUaeKMA5GVcuULb5isFMZRyvHEGEpamL4ViWb3p6EjOI6m1c_A2uaeCsFCDRgM6vsbtvGX7-VPPK6QnZVnWFwZbG6_fluxCLhIVhBMO-Qm-aM6UzNA58WqKr-n4k0E/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjBLAkY9H121YkKNSUaeKMA5GVcuULb5isFMZRyvHEGEpamL4ViWb3p6EjOI6m1c_A2uaeCsFCDRgM6vsbtvGX7-VPPK6QnZVnWFwZbG6_fluxCLhIVhBMO-Qm-aM6UzNA58WqKr-n4k0E/s200/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315242002177789762" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix1v7ydZCS_lx5wgt7Qk2aI88EXnFIuJHC_XV-__POiHcOymLRRRtOOScV8n8Qbrklh2DCDi2jndsgpSpXVXFO7sm64YNOMG5yGBuHrsSB64Sixg1PIyznNRufqevqm8P8MTjvLsPyZ_bZ/s1600-h/z2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 142px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix1v7ydZCS_lx5wgt7Qk2aI88EXnFIuJHC_XV-__POiHcOymLRRRtOOScV8n8Qbrklh2DCDi2jndsgpSpXVXFO7sm64YNOMG5yGBuHrsSB64Sixg1PIyznNRufqevqm8P8MTjvLsPyZ_bZ/s200/z2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315249230459373618" border="0" /></a></p><p face="arial"><br /></p><p face="arial"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;">More about Jószef Attila</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >:</span><br /></p> <p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" src="http://biblion.co.uk/litweb/biogs/biog_images/jozsef_attila2.jpg" width="127" align="left" height="200" /></span></p><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_J%C3%B3zsef">Wikipedia</a></span><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><a href="http://www.hlo.hu/object.83049ab1-0baf-4ee1-b251-b863d41fb083.ivy"><br /></a></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><a href="http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/">The Hungarian Quarterly</a><br /><a href="http://www.hlo.hu/">Hungarian Literature Online</a><br /><a href="http://www.geocities.com/abbeypress/jozsefattila.html">About Jószef Attila</a><br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Attila-J%C3%B3zsef-Selected-Poems-Jozsef/dp/0595356141/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1237548401&sr=8-1">Jószef Attila, Selected Poems (Amazon)</a></span><br /></span></span></span><p style="font-family: arial;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6IwgMWsnrdxIcItBur_iL7UbLEkfYfyj0hLsHtFpnLwka_n2NqSaOKZsW1X4jZZj3zHQ7qXfBM5XP_ezRZIbXTq5E94p4e35kpXZqjYPsmZPpmDebcPjqqevc3JejtmiUMgc0uDGctjIz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><br /></a></p><img src="file:///C:/Users/Gunther/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><h1 style="font-family: arial; font-weight: normal;"></h1><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZzuMriCAxAw_78qVJdLwj_nJxOSkdo3ErfthnoxVKwJBU42JC_q4HqzRStTi-d2-de-eZKvezAcxG8r96AgDbXU60axjBW5Gsf47HJgDgnKRTi1FNGSy9LAGOmm7FGQywm4izH8xw6FXz/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><br /></a><h1></h1> </div><p style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-86051418048733324682009-03-18T08:16:00.000-07:002009-03-18T09:45:05.305-07:00Ekranoplanes<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFJHXzGTVmkyMVJfniIw_FE4Fg5mppi93cM3ew029JF0mIFxelU2s1-U3k2PWNlqFTzxrF2UizfujVDjl1u8N2lt9NTI-zhdlYUgAAk2zT0-yvD4nrgIsZFhUHZ8eJy0kAS3Ok3JGxjYyx/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 318px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFJHXzGTVmkyMVJfniIw_FE4Fg5mppi93cM3ew029JF0mIFxelU2s1-U3k2PWNlqFTzxrF2UizfujVDjl1u8N2lt9NTI-zhdlYUgAAk2zT0-yvD4nrgIsZFhUHZ8eJy0kAS3Ok3JGxjYyx/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314567677213811666" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:arial;">They hover and skim above the water surface at speeds of up to 250 miles an hour, they carry heavier loads of cargo and troops than any airplane - the Ekranoplans, or "Wing-in-Ground" (WIG) vehicles are possibly the most exciting and strange looking technology ever designed by men. Developed mostly by Soviets (by Rostislav Alexeev's design firm) some of them were over 500 feet in length and had an estimated weight of over 500 tons! And yet they skimmed over the waves with grace, at high speeds, able to negotiate stormy conditions, unseen by radar - all thanks to an aerodynamic principle known as the "ground effect".</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family:arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">All pilots are familiar with this effect: when an airplane is about to land, it almost wants to "float" on air, moments before touchdown. The compressed air between the wing and the ground becomes a "cushion" that gives the plane smooth gliding ability. Over the sea surface this effect is even more noticeable.</span><br /><br /></div><br /><b style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">1. KM - Russian "Caspian Sea Monster" Ekranoplan</b><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp-bN61FUA1F0NTjhn81e0Y1CVHmvDcB6Y7pcukAdrU-XCocGKBSkX8m2RJ4aHFLUTwGXap8v1ot6xUmzrpxCzVh5pbJzzuKz6GQ5Y8uBoRivIuWXwIDAbW4s10lz8XuUSPQYXzyMYKJDG/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 216px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp-bN61FUA1F0NTjhn81e0Y1CVHmvDcB6Y7pcukAdrU-XCocGKBSkX8m2RJ4aHFLUTwGXap8v1ot6xUmzrpxCzVh5pbJzzuKz6GQ5Y8uBoRivIuWXwIDAbW4s10lz8XuUSPQYXzyMYKJDG/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314548212631417154" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">It was the biggest ground-effect vehicle ever designed (100 meters long, weight: 544 tons, powered by ten Dobryin VD-7 turbojet engines). It still holds the record for lifting the heaviest load off the ground (more even than the largest modern cargo plane Antonov An 225 "Mriya" can handle). It also had an air of mystery around it for a long time, tested in secrecy on the Caspian Sea in 1966 and spied on by a US satellite.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjhYzJC31G4KgbkaEAvPrioPFfHzXGExFBJtcWOJT9XShl2mGMcXExm9a65DEqgzMJgoYL6Ayxg5vx-xem2bJZOhuWNnoMKI0SREI33GruXluQnr3j7tTrBMIkqHBlpgm8zzq0lLfTcEQ/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 253px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjhYzJC31G4KgbkaEAvPrioPFfHzXGExFBJtcWOJT9XShl2mGMcXExm9a65DEqgzMJgoYL6Ayxg5vx-xem2bJZOhuWNnoMKI0SREI33GruXluQnr3j7tTrBMIkqHBlpgm8zzq0lLfTcEQ/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314548720325723986" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><b style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">2. An Impressive A-90 "Orlyonok" ("Eaglet")</b><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07ivfrjmUmcFhy8JAjRua13GV_LWJbH9iwWt-_Y2gl850hNOwWmR8XihZWCnms2kioXOCHAi3erHzRLG1vSGqBFl2KD3hpDlp0zRQ7EC-4VNZqeonEFbIfCg-ICwYHbLjhqdaiHQrV9Nx/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 234px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07ivfrjmUmcFhy8JAjRua13GV_LWJbH9iwWt-_Y2gl850hNOwWmR8XihZWCnms2kioXOCHAi3erHzRLG1vSGqBFl2KD3hpDlp0zRQ7EC-4VNZqeonEFbIfCg-ICwYHbLjhqdaiHQrV9Nx/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314551528565934082" border="0" /></a><br /><br />The 140 tonne, 58 meter long aircraft had its maiden flight in 1972. The A-90 boasted two turbojets and one turboprop engine which propelled it to a speed of 400 km/h for 1,500 km at an cruise altitude of 5-10 m. It could also travel over land, if need be, and this in a rather spectacular fashion. It could carry 150 troops and 2 tanks.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LwEXagi6H3aKnsszsyaxBLBgjT-Ec3Ge0_BHcm2jKKfEMmXllbCc09mYryJSAEdpPL-kUPrUz2AVkAoZs-c7zu68XWhf9IoS7oTO4Q8vq7Q4vHyyQlwVzyD3PXOdtXpfc7h2jM_DuKeO/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 284px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LwEXagi6H3aKnsszsyaxBLBgjT-Ec3Ge0_BHcm2jKKfEMmXllbCc09mYryJSAEdpPL-kUPrUz2AVkAoZs-c7zu68XWhf9IoS7oTO4Q8vq7Q4vHyyQlwVzyD3PXOdtXpfc7h2jM_DuKeO/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314553708451986274" border="0" /></a><br /><br />The Soviet military planned to built 20 such vehicles, creating a whole new division in the Baltic Sea. The aircraft has been supplied to the military in 1979, and three A-90s reportedly were still operational in 1993. However, a couple of crashes prevented the full deployment; one crash was especially spectacular. The craft lost a whole tail section after striking a wave, but proved to be air-worthy enough to make it "gliding" to the shore. This amazing feat still did not impress the generals enough, and the program was mothballed.<br /><br />Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the plant responsible for building the Orlyonoks has been privatised. Now called the Volga Shipyard, the Orlyonok is apparently still being developed as a commercial search and rescue craft. In fact, it appears that the Orlyonok can be ordered in either cargo-carrying (50 tons with a 1500km range) or in passenger carrying (30 people and a 3000km range) versions.<br /><br /><br /><b style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">3. Strange intermediate designs: VVA-14M</b><br /><br />VVA-14M ekranoplan was essentially a conversion from the very strange-looking plane VVA-14. Here it's seen before the conversion:<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7uS04PilRThW7R_BK0j9_bAMUYDvWVxn3SO15xujc4QwwXTv-JQtqTIFxFwN7SNw5VV6R7vv-8ShHQDk9hLWi0b7MT0GL_jFpChMh_6bTdkp0JvuvUbbORA-oPMT59L4uo5wawAe8fkzh/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 107px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7uS04PilRThW7R_BK0j9_bAMUYDvWVxn3SO15xujc4QwwXTv-JQtqTIFxFwN7SNw5VV6R7vv-8ShHQDk9hLWi0b7MT0GL_jFpChMh_6bTdkp0JvuvUbbORA-oPMT59L4uo5wawAe8fkzh/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314556967533862626" border="0" /></a><br /><br />And here after the conversion:<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgufb_WcVZu03YMr7lTlH5GnRbGHS_XJ6H8Yzmh0grJqdgPNaiRBsGxG93MY2lrS4zNHI6qCkzESVblPj3oBSekNqoaewB0FxfnNAyKrwYen4HzvE37YuvEyqygR3gD3DhiYNl1qARglml/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 237px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgufb_WcVZu03YMr7lTlH5GnRbGHS_XJ6H8Yzmh0grJqdgPNaiRBsGxG93MY2lrS4zNHI6qCkzESVblPj3oBSekNqoaewB0FxfnNAyKrwYen4HzvE37YuvEyqygR3gD3DhiYNl1qARglml/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314557499888477938" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><b style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">4. Lun (Spasatel) (1987) - bigger than KM Sea Monster and way more dangerous!</b><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUg3gqIK_wmb6R7lvWMpkBhylZfahjT122Cu1xdxbzD32OlPja5hwdRzrr6IoJjXCZsGZ9Vn2xJ5OCE489-49FmgiS2UzZxBOtFqhnuxXIEHIlNDHg57uvA7FvR5JDyjCDROroqULEv9hn/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 217px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUg3gqIK_wmb6R7lvWMpkBhylZfahjT122Cu1xdxbzD32OlPja5hwdRzrr6IoJjXCZsGZ9Vn2xJ5OCE489-49FmgiS2UzZxBOtFqhnuxXIEHIlNDHg57uvA7FvR5JDyjCDROroqULEv9hn/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314558080633158546" border="0" /></a><br /><br />It's actually bigger than Boeing 747!<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeNhWrXmpUl962msMGz5yYwsbqqqsqYwDwa0SO4V90VRErE9y9JqSc-PpX3HtU2Y3hXEA-SAf2-luahIo2ZTrPUcHv_IVhaD2dRAKOSZwJn3HtqPMvbQzdZ5-9nC0qJuxhBSE8Fd_eqMwL/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeNhWrXmpUl962msMGz5yYwsbqqqsqYwDwa0SO4V90VRErE9y9JqSc-PpX3HtU2Y3hXEA-SAf2-luahIo2ZTrPUcHv_IVhaD2dRAKOSZwJn3HtqPMvbQzdZ5-9nC0qJuxhBSE8Fd_eqMwL/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314561002679993778" border="0" /></a><br /><br />What's more, it was equipped with unparalleled to this day ZM-80 "Moskit" (SS-N-22 Sunburn) supersonic rockets, capable of sinking any enemy ship. This machine would've been a formidable threat to NATO if not for the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union. Insufficient funds for continuation of research and the overall decline had sunk this project altogether, even though some efforts have been made to convert "Lun / Spasatel" into a sea rescue vessel.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfW-7DpaWLA2mrs8RyQdlR9S9VqqoYvdik2VySh9yLTNNlfGqFGpB6gswUmDTTh8_xbGjcXW6_i59bffj2OE-JaRlprJZNcFVbhgkrwl6h0phixOwhIdXLLl_kCJsk2b0qh5mtrt8NbVoY/s1600-h/z1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 286px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfW-7DpaWLA2mrs8RyQdlR9S9VqqoYvdik2VySh9yLTNNlfGqFGpB6gswUmDTTh8_xbGjcXW6_i59bffj2OE-JaRlprJZNcFVbhgkrwl6h0phixOwhIdXLLl_kCJsk2b0qh5mtrt8NbVoY/s400/z1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314561439405711314" border="0" /></a><br /><br />All these and other variations of Russian ekranoplans you can see in this long <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgtaeRZjWNc">video </a>(10 minutes of great & rare footage).<br /><br /><b style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"> 5. Sources</b><br /><a href="http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=25067">militaryphotos.net</a><br /><a href="http://www.ussr-airspace.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=28_39_49">ussr-airspace.com</a><br /><a href="http://www.se-technology.com/wig/index.php">the wig page</a><br /><a href="http://www.warlib.ru/index.php?id=000149">warlib</a><br /><br /><b style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">6. Thanks to</b><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span>Manfred von Richthofen<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-257470911411099492.post-2712061590961310372009-03-18T03:14:00.001-07:002009-03-18T04:11:19.563-07:00Varia<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivSR6GbTkaYnLrsfvabx3IaKE6N4q7HpvuOFLvG7GWRAuiuYcQLpZ8cA_zkoi8Fz3P-bTGceIUInEjHNpYB9XSkrReDdUHlPOlQw0iXS_h4MNM4YDZU6I72Nw2FqI9W36nf9Rj_nmYVP7q/s1600-h/v%C3%B6lker.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 257px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivSR6GbTkaYnLrsfvabx3IaKE6N4q7HpvuOFLvG7GWRAuiuYcQLpZ8cA_zkoi8Fz3P-bTGceIUInEjHNpYB9XSkrReDdUHlPOlQw0iXS_h4MNM4YDZU6I72Nw2FqI9W36nf9Rj_nmYVP7q/s400/v%C3%B6lker.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314469875534718690" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:arial;">18th century print depicting the caracters of different nations<br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com14